If you want an unsigned integer, you can calculate this as log2(12500), rounded up. You can calculate the log2 function (logarithm to the base 2), in this case, by dividing ln(12500) / ln(2).
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8
8 (assuming unsigned numbers - i.e., you don't reserve a bit for the sign).
0.0000001
65,535
You can represent 2^12 or 4096 numbers in 12 bits, if that's what you mean?