Need to calculate 3 percent raise a year for 10 years on 1524?

What is 18448 divide by 1524?

12.105

How many pennies are in a 5 foot stack of pennies?

To determine the number of pennies in a 5-foot stack, we first need to know the thickness of a single penny. A US penny is approximately 1.55 mm thick. Converting 5 feet to millimeters (1524 mm) and dividing by the thickness of a single penny gives us approximately 984 pennies in a 5-foot stack.

What is the interior angle of a triskaidecagon?

The sum of the interior angles of a polygon with n sides is (n-2)*180 degrees. So, with n = 13, the sum of the interior angles is 11*180 = 1980 degrees. However, any particular interior angle can have any value between 0 and 360 degrees, (not inclusive of those limits). It is only in the case of a REGULAR polygon that the value of the interior angle can be determined without additional information. So, if the 13-polygon is regular, then each interior angles is 1980/13 = 1524/13 or 152.3077 degrees.

How did the work of Copernicus lead to a new view of the universe?

In medieval Europe it was generally accepted that the Earth lay at the centre of a finite universe and that the sun, planets and stars orbited around it. The framework in which this astronomy was set was established by Aristotle (384 - 322 BC) in the fourth century BC while in the second century AD Ptolemy (c. 100 - 170 AD) devised a detailed yet different geocentric astronomical system (Chalmers, 1976). During the early part of the sixteenth century, Nicolaus Copernicus (1473 - 1543) developed the first heliocentric theory of the universe (Blackburn, 1994) which he presented in 'De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium Libri Sex' (Six Books on the Revolution of the Celestial Orbs). The Copernican astronomy involved a moving Earth, which challenged the Aristotelian and Ptolemaic systems but by the time the Copernican view had been substantiated, the Aristotelian world-view had been replaced by the Newtonian theories of inertia, gravitation and motion (Chalmers, 1976). The purpose of this paper is to examine how the theories of Copernicus contributed to the emergence of a scientific world-view, a view that encompassed a paradigmatic shift in world-view orientation from the medieval explanations of nature. Before the impact of the work of Copernicus can be fully appreciated however, it is necessary to have an understanding of the historical and social conditions that prevailed at that time. The medieval schema of the universe was geocentric. That is, the Earth remained stationary at the centre of the universe while the sun, the planets and all of the stars revolved around it. However, geocentricism had been under attack. Around 1375 The Occamists, particularly in Paris had been busy with a critical philosophy and forward-looking scientific investigations. Despite retaining some of the teleological elements of Aristotelian physics, Buridan (c. 1295 - 1358) had developed a concept of inertia and of gravity as uniformly accelerated motion. Nicholas of Oresme invented the idea of analytic geometry, discovered the formula for uniformly accelerated motion and argued for the rotation of the Earth (Blake, Ducasse & Madden, 1960). Furthermore, Nicholas of Cusa (1401 - 1464) was associated with the doctrine of the 'concordance of contraries', an attack on the Aristotelian law of non-contradiction (Blackburn, 1994) and had been willing to entertain the idea that the Earth might be in motion. In fact it has been suggested that Copernicus owed to Cusa his view that a sphere set in empty space would begin to turn without needing anything to move it (Butterfield, 1957). Despite these pockets of revolutionary thinking, medieval philosophy remained locked in pantheistic mysticism (Norris-Clark, 1994). Philosophy of the time was subordinate to Christian theology and limited by subservience to dogma. The reverence and respect displayed to authorities of philosophy and theology characterised this thought as Scholasticism. Scholastics sought not to learn new facts, but to integrate the knowledge already acquired separately by Greek reasoning and Christian revelation. Furthermore, they believed in harmony between faith and reason (Copleston, 1992). Because the scholastics believed that revelation was the direct teaching of God, it possessed for them a higher degree of truth and certitude than did natural reason. Throughout the scholastic period, philosophy was called the servant of theology, not only because the truth of philosophy was subordinated to that of theology, but also because the theologian used philosophy to understand and explain the revelation. This concern is one of the most characteristic differences between Scholasticism and modern thought since the Renaissance (Norris-Clark, 2001). Scholastics applied the requirements for scientific demonstration as first specified in Aristotle's 'Organon' much more rigorously than previous philosophers had done. These requirements were so strict that Aristotle himself was rarely able to apply them fully beyond the realms of mathematics. It was this trend that finally led to the loss of confidence in natural human reason and philosophy that is characteristic of the early Renaissance and of the first Protestant religious reformers, such as Martin Luther (Norris-Clark, 2001). The Christian church, still reeling from the effects of both the schism of Eastern and Western churches (1054) and of the rival Popes (1378 - 1417) found itself facing an intensified call for reform that eventually erupted in the Protestant Reformation (O'Malley, 2001). Humanism, the revival of classical learning and speculative inquiry, displaced Scholasticism in Italy during the early Renaissance of the 15th Century and quickly spread to become the principle philosophy of Western Europe. This deprived church leaders of the monopoly on learning that they had previously held (Encarta, 2001). Martin Luther (1483 - 1546) initiated the Protestant revolution in Germany in 1517 when he published his 95 theses challenging the theory and practice of indulgences. The reform became very popular with the people and Germany became sharply divided along religious and economic lines. The reformation spread throughout Europe and led to the Peasants War (1524 - 1526). Not until 1534 when Paul III became pope did the church meet the challenge of the Protestants. Paul III, like many of his successors, did not hesitate to use both diplomatic and military measures against the Protestants. The Counter Reformation movement sought to revitalise the Roman Catholic Church. Subsequently, the Index of Forbidden Books and a new Inquisition were instituted about 1542 (O'Malley, 2001). Astronomers also were groping for reform at the time of the birth of Copernicus. By the time that Copernicus had finished his preliminary training in astronomy, his teachers had begun to realise that although an intensive study of Ptolemy's 'Almagest' was a necessary pre-requisite to further study, to know only Ptolemy was not going to be sufficient to rejuvenate astronomy (Boas, 1962). Indeed, some astronomers held that the Ptolemaic system was so cumbersome and inaccurate that it could not be true of nature. Copernicus himself eventually wrote in the preface to 'De Revolutionibus' that the astronomical tradition he had inherited had created only a monster (Kuhn, 1962). Further to this Kuhn (1962, p. 69) stated, "By the early sixteenth century an increasing number of Europe's best astronomers were recognising that the astronomical paradigm was failing in application to its own traditional problems. That recognition was prerequisite to Copernicus' rejection of the Ptolemaic paradigm and his search for a new one." Copernicus however, did not seem to have a revolutionary attitude and upon rejection of the Ptolemaic system he examined again the earlier Greek astronomy. The humanist principle that all knowledge must lie with the ancients still appeared viable. Copernicus attempted nothing that others had not tried before because many astronomers had used the ancients to refute Ptolemy, however Copernicus alone chose the Pythagorean system which was to have profound revolutionary implications (Boas, 1962). The historical evidence presented thus far suggests that Western Europe was in a state of several crises when Copernicus entered into the controversy and was ripe for a revolution of one type or another. However, Copernicus kept his work in abeyance for over thirty years and without the encouragement of George Rheticus (1514 - 1576) it is debatable whether his works would have been published at all, let alone before his death. At this point it is appropriate to note that Copernicus was a canon of the Roman Catholic Church and had been called upon by Pope Leo X to reform the calendar. The church was anxious that religious festivals be accorded their proper places in time. George Rheticus was a Protestant who was responsible for the publication of Copernicus's 'Narratio Primer' in 1540 though he handed over his position in the publication of 'De Revolutionibus' to a Lutheran pastor named Andreas Osiander (Boas, 1962). It is ironic that the Catholic Church was involved in the instigation of a reform that would eventually lead to erosion of their power over humanity. It is doubly so that it was done with the first hand assistance of two Protestants. Traditionally, Copernicus saw his finished work only on his deathbed in 1543 and much controversy has raged over his disinclination to publish in the years between 1512 and 1539. One possible reason is that he may have been afraid of official censure. This fear was not unfounded, as publication of 'De Revolutionibus' was antecedent to much comment and criticism. Central to the Copernican system lay the point which required the most reasoned argument and one which caused Copernicus to fear ridicule from his peers; the attribution of motion to the Earth. To assume in the sixteenth century that the Earth moved required a straining of well-assured fact that could amount to the absurdity provoked by the contrary argument today. Although his book was well received by the church and used to further calendar reform little attention was given at first to its heart, the new theory. (Boas, 1962). As mentioned previously in this paper it is inappropriate to suggest that the publication of Copernicus's great work shook any foundation of European thought immediately. A generation after his death the period of crucial transition commenced and the controversy over the correctness of the Ptolemaic or the Copernican tenet became intense. Almost one hundred and fifty years would pass before a theory of the universe that would permit explanation of the movement of the Earth and other planets was presented. This explanation, in turn, provided a framework for further scientific development. The influence of Copernicus was indeed important but it resulted not so much from his system of the skies but more from the stimulus that he gave to men who in reality were producing something very different (Butterfield, 1957). Kuhn (1962, p. 116) discusses paradigm-induced changes in scientific perceptions during the first half century after Copernicus's new paradigm was proposed. He states: "The very ease and rapidity with which astronomers saw new things when looking at old objects with old instruments may make us wish to say that, after Copernicus, astronomers lived in a different world. In any case, their research responded as though that were the case." (Kuhn 1962, p. 117). In Kuhn's 'The Copernican Revolution' Copernicus is presented as a highly proficient mathematical astronomer whose very narrow mindedness outside of his chosen domain blinded him to the destructive consequences that his technical reform of astronomy entailed for the entire traditional world-view (Cohen, 1994). Kuhn's point is important, for the heliocentric theories of Copernicus replaced the geocentric view of the cosmos that further threatened the authority of the church (Norris-Clark, 1994). No longer was humanity at the centre of the universe, about which all else revolved, but rather humanity was but one small part of a much larger system in constant movement. With the importance of humanity being decentred, people began to question more than that which faith held in high regard. This resulted in original and creative thought beginning to develop outside of the revered institutions of education (Copleston, 1994), and what emerged were fresh original minds, aching to be freed from the shackles of traditional thought. The geographical discoveries, the opening up of fresh sources of wealth and the questioning of the church, heralded a new era. In spite of this, most Renaissance scholars felt confident in tracing human history back in a continuous pedigree to Adam, the first human allowing man to retain his divinely fixed place in time and space. Finally, owing to a succession of geniuses, Copernican astronomy assimilated in the seventeenth century. This assimilation resulted in the displacement of the Earth, and man upon it. Rather than being central to the universe, the Earth and consequently mankind became insignificant elements in an infinite universe (Porter, 1990). Grant (1971) deliberates as to why the 14th century cosmological speculations failed to bring about a Scientific Revolution in the way that Copernicus's astronomical reform was able to do. According to Cohen (1994, p. 267) Grant states, "Saving the phenomena became the predominant attitude. The thing to do was to think up clever imaginations of how things might be rather than embark upon a relentless investigation of reality." Grant further argues that the physical realists of the 13th century failed to produce early modern science because of their lack of confidence of the human mind to penetrate nature. Copernicus succeeded because his work made possible for the first time "a potent union of new ideas that would challenge the traditional physics and cosmology….with the conviction, even if naive, that knowledge of physical reality was fully attainable." (Cohen, 1994, p. 267). Apart from a few eminent mathematicians like Rheticus and intellectual radicals like Bruno, nobody was bold enough to champion the work of Copernicus. It was the genius of Johannes Kepler (1571 - 1630) who seized upon it in the late 1580's (Burtt, 1952). However, the person who contributed most significantly to the defence of the Copernican system was Galileo Galilei (1564 - 1642). He achieved this in two ways; first, he used the telescope to observe the heavens and transformed pure Copernican theory to theory substantiated through observational data. Second, he devised the beginnings of new mechanics and laid some foundations for Newtonian mechanics that would replace Aristotle's. In doing so, the mechanical arguments against Copernicus were diffused (Chalmers, 1976). The theory that Giordano Bruno (1548 - 1600) developed from the Copernican system was that the universe forms a system of countless worlds, each of which moves around its own sun. This governs each world that leads its own proper life, emerging from a chaotic condition to a clear and definite formation and again yields to the destiny of dissolution. From the significance of the Copernican theory the 'unlimitedness' of space and time gained a clearer form and ultimately the proven hypothesis of the motion of the Earth about the Sun could furnish a rational basis for the completely new view of man's position in the universe. The anthropocentric idea which had ruled the Middle Ages became incoherent and man, as well as the Earth, ceased to be regarded as the centre of the universe and centre of the world (Windleband, 1958). Kuhn (1957, p. 264) recognises this by stating: "The conception of a planetary Earth was the first successful break with a constitutive element of the ancient world view. Though intended solely as an astronomical reform, it had destructive consequences which could be resolved only within a new fabric of thought. Copernicus himself did not supply that fabric; his own conception of the universe was closer to Aristotle's than to Newton's. But the new problems and suggestions that derived from his innovation are the most prominent landmarks in the development of the new universe which that innovation had itself called forth." It is not within the scope of this paper to fully examine the far reaching implications upon science and indeed mankind that have resulted from the work of Copernicus. Through the evidence presented thus far it is apparent that the mathematical reform of astronomy initiated by him was a significant intellectual event. Subsequently it set in motion a preparatory movement in astronomical and physical thought which gradually expanded until it erupted in what is now referred to as the Scientific Revolution (Cohen, 1994). His planetary theories profoundly effected man's relation to God and the universe and further, were catalytic to the transition from a medieval to a modern Western society. The Copernican theory created tremendous controversies in religion, philosophy and social theory which have set the tenor of the modern mind (Kuhn, 1957). In conclusion, the work of Copernicus not only transformed mankind's conception of the universe but it has been markedly influential in the evolution of science and rational thought as we know it today.

All the multiples of 6 from 1 to 400?

The multiples of 6 from 1 to 400 are: 1 x 6 = 6 2 x 6 = 12 3 x 6 = 18 4 x 6 = 24 5 x 6 = 30 6 x 6 = 36 7 x 6 = 42 8 x 6 = 48 9 x 6 = 54 10 x 6 = 60 11 x 6 = 66 12 x 6 = 72 13 x 6 = 78 14 x 6 = 84 15 x 6 = 90 16 x 6 = 96 17 x 6 = 102 18 x 6 = 108 19 x 6 = 114 20 x 6 = 120 21 x 6 = 126 22 x 6 = 132 23 x 6 = 138 24 x 6 = 144 25 x 6 = 150 26 x 6 = 156 27 x 6 = 162 28 x 6 = 168 29 x 6 = 174 30 x 6 = 180 31 x 6 = 186 32 x 6 = 192 33 x 6 = 198 34 x 6 = 204 35 x 6 = 210 36 x 6 = 216 37 x 6 = 222 38 x 6 = 228 39 x 6 = 234 40 x 6 = 240 41 x 6 = 246 42 x 6 = 252 43 x 6 = 258 44 x 6 = 264 45 x 6 = 270 46 x 6 = 276 47 x 6 = 282 48 x 6 = 288 49 x 6 = 294 50 x 6 = 300 51 x 6 = 306 52 x 6 = 312 53 x 6 = 318 54 x 6 = 324 55 x 6 = 330 56 x 6 = 336 57 x 6 = 342 58 x 6 = 348 59 x 6 = 354 60 x 6 = 360 61 x 6 = 366 62 x 6 = 372 63 x 6 = 378 64 x 6 = 384 65 x 6 = 390 66 x 6 = 396 67 x 6 = 402 68 x 6 = 408 69 x 6 = 414 70 x 6 = 420 71 x 6 = 426 72 x 6 = 432 73 x 6 = 438 74 x 6 = 444 75 x 6 = 450 76 x 6 = 456 77 x 6 = 462 78 x 6 = 468 79 x 6 = 474 80 x 6 = 480 81 x 6 = 486 82 x 6 = 492 83 x 6 = 498 84 x 6 = 504 85 x 6 = 510 86 x 6 = 516 87 x 6 = 522 88 x 6 = 528 89 x 6 = 534 90 x 6 = 540 91 x 6 = 546 92 x 6 = 552 93 x 6 = 558 94 x 6 = 564 95 x 6 = 570 96 x 6 = 576 97 x 6 = 582 98 x 6 = 588 99 x 6 = 594 100 x 6 = 600 101 x 6 = 606 102 x 6 = 612 103 x 6 = 618 104 x 6 = 624 105 x 6 = 630 106 x 6 = 636 107 x 6 = 642 108 x 6 = 648 109 x 6 = 654 110 x 6 = 660 111 x 6 = 666 112 x 6 = 672 113 x 6 = 678 114 x 6 = 684 115 x 6 = 690 116 x 6 = 696 117 x 6 = 702 118 x 6 = 708 119 x 6 = 714 120 x 6 = 720 121 x 6 = 726 122 x 6 = 732 123 x 6 = 738 124 x 6 = 744 125 x 6 = 750 126 x 6 = 756 127 x 6 = 762 128 x 6 = 768 129 x 6 = 774 130 x 6 = 780 131 x 6 = 786 132 x 6 = 792 133 x 6 = 798 134 x 6 = 804 135 x 6 = 810 136 x 6 = 816 137 x 6 = 822 138 x 6 = 828 139 x 6 = 834 140 x 6 = 840 141 x 6 = 846 142 x 6 = 852 143 x 6 = 858 144 x 6 = 864 145 x 6 = 870 146 x 6 = 876 147 x 6 = 882 148 x 6 = 888 149 x 6 = 894 150 x 6 = 900 151 x 6 = 906 152 x 6 = 912 153 x 6 = 918 154 x 6 = 924 155 x 6 = 930 156 x 6 = 936 157 x 6 = 942 158 x 6 = 948 159 x 6 = 954 160 x 6 = 960 161 x 6 = 966 162 x 6 = 972 163 x 6 = 978 164 x 6 = 984 165 x 6 = 990 166 x 6 = 996 167 x 6 = 1002 168 x 6 = 1008 169 x 6 = 1014 170 x 6 = 1020 171 x 6 = 1026 172 x 6 = 1032 173 x 6 = 1038 174 x 6 = 1044 175 x 6 = 1050 176 x 6 = 1056 177 x 6 = 1062 178 x 6 = 1068 179 x 6 = 1074 180 x 6 = 1080 181 x 6 = 1086 182 x 6 = 1092 183 x 6 = 1098 184 x 6 = 1104 185 x 6 = 1110 186 x 6 = 1116 187 x 6 = 1122 188 x 6 = 1128 189 x 6 = 1134 190 x 6 = 1140 191 x 6 = 1146 192 x 6 = 1152 193 x 6 = 1158 194 x 6 = 1164 195 x 6 = 1170 196 x 6 = 1176 197 x 6 = 1182 198 x 6 = 1188 199 x 6 = 1194 200 x 6 = 1200 201 x 6 = 1206 202 x 6 = 1212 203 x 6 = 1218 204 x 6 = 1224 205 x 6 = 1230 206 x 6 = 1236 207 x 6 = 1242 208 x 6 = 1248 209 x 6 = 1254 210 x 6 = 1260 211 x 6 = 1266 212 x 6 = 1272 213 x 6 = 1278 214 x 6 = 1284 215 x 6 = 1290 216 x 6 = 1296 217 x 6 = 1302 218 x 6 = 1308 219 x 6 = 1314 220 x 6 = 1320 221 x 6 = 1326 222 x 6 = 1332 223 x 6 = 1338 224 x 6 = 1344 225 x 6 = 1350 226 x 6 = 1356 227 x 6 = 1362 228 x 6 = 1368 229 x 6 = 1374 230 x 6 = 1380 231 x 6 = 1386 232 x 6 = 1392 233 x 6 = 1398 234 x 6 = 1404 235 x 6 = 1410 236 x 6 = 1416 237 x 6 = 1422 238 x 6 = 1428 239 x 6 = 1434 240 x 6 = 1440 241 x 6 = 1446 242 x 6 = 1452 243 x 6 = 1458 244 x 6 = 1464 245 x 6 = 1470 246 x 6 = 1476 247 x 6 = 1482 248 x 6 = 1488 249 x 6 = 1494 250 x 6 = 1500 251 x 6 = 1506 252 x 6 = 1512 253 x 6 = 1518 254 x 6 = 1524 255 x 6 = 1530 256 x 6 = 1536 257 x 6 = 1542 258 x 6 = 1548 259 x 6 = 1554 260 x 6 = 1560 261 x 6 = 1566 262 x 6 = 1572 263 x 6 = 1578 264 x 6 = 1584 265 x 6 = 1590 266 x 6 = 1596 267 x 6 = 1602 268 x 6 = 1608 269 x 6 = 1614 270 x 6 = 1620 271 x 6 = 1626 272 x 6 = 1632 273 x 6 = 1638 274 x 6 = 1644 275 x 6 = 1650 276 x 6 = 1656 277 x 6 = 1662 278 x 6 = 1668 279 x 6 = 1674 280 x 6 = 1680 281 x 6 = 1686 282 x 6 = 1692 283 x 6 = 1698 284 x 6 = 1704 285 x 6 = 1710 286 x 6 = 1716 287 x 6 = 1722 288 x 6 = 1728 289 x 6 = 1734 290 x 6 = 1740 291 x 6 = 1746 292 x 6 = 1752 293 x 6 = 1758 294 x 6 = 1764 295 x 6 = 1770 296 x 6 = 1776 297 x 6 = 1782 298 x 6 = 1788 299 x 6 = 1794 300 x 6 = 1800 301 x 6 = 1806 302 x 6 = 1812 303 x 6 = 1818 304 x 6 = 1824 305 x 6 = 1830 306 x 6 = 1836 307 x 6 = 1842 308 x 6 = 1848 309 x 6 = 1854 310 x 6 = 1860 311 x 6 = 1866 312 x 6 = 1872 313 x 6 = 1878 314 x 6 = 1884 315 x 6 = 1890 316 x 6 = 1896 317 x 6 = 1902 318 x 6 = 1908 319 x 6 = 1914 320 x 6 = 1920 321 x 6 = 1926 322 x 6 = 1932 323 x 6 = 1938 324 x 6 = 1944 325 x 6 = 1950 326 x 6 = 1956 327 x 6 = 1962 328 x 6 = 1968 329 x 6 = 1974 330 x 6 = 1980 331 x 6 = 1986 332 x 6 = 1992 333 x 6 = 1998 334 x 6 = 2004 335 x 6 = 2010 336 x 6 = 2016 337 x 6 = 2022 338 x 6 = 2028 339 x 6 = 2034 340 x 6 = 2040 341 x 6 = 2046 342 x 6 = 2052 343 x 6 = 2058 344 x 6 = 2064 345 x 6 = 2070 346 x 6 = 2076 347 x 6 = 2082 348 x 6 = 2088 349 x 6 = 2094 350 x 6 = 2100 351 x 6 = 2106 352 x 6 = 2112 353 x 6 = 2118 354 x 6 = 2124 355 x 6 = 2130 356 x 6 = 2136 357 x 6 = 2142 358 x 6 = 2148 359 x 6 = 2154 360 x 6 = 2160 361 x 6 = 2166 362 x 6 = 2172 363 x 6 = 2178 364 x 6 = 2184 365 x 6 = 2190 366 x 6 = 2196 367 x 6 = 2202 368 x 6 = 2208 369 x 6 = 2214 370 x 6 = 2220 371 x 6 = 2226 372 x 6 = 2232 373 x 6 = 2238 374 x 6 = 2244 375 x 6 = 2250 376 x 6 = 2256 377 x 6 = 2262 378 x 6 = 2268 379 x 6 = 2274 380 x 6 = 2280 381 x 6 = 2286 382 x 6 = 2292 383 x 6 = 2298 384 x 6 = 2304 385 x 6 = 2310 386 x 6 = 2316 387 x 6 = 2322 388 x 6 = 2328 389 x 6 = 2334 390 x 6 = 2340 391 x 6 = 2346 392 x 6 = 2352 393 x 6 = 2358 394 x 6 = 2364 395 x 6 = 2370 396 x 6 = 2376 397 x 6 = 2382 398 x 6 = 2388 399 x 6 = 2394 400 x 6 = 2400

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