This is simple algebra.
Let the unknown number be n.
Then the sum of this number and 8 = n + 8.
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the sum of 8 and 4 times a number is 36
five times the sum of a number and 8 is -15.
The sum of 8 and 5 is 13. There is then no number with which to calculate its product.
8 greater than the original number.
A perfect number is the sum of its divisors; for example 6 is a perfect number because the sum of its divisors is 6 (1 + 2 + 3). The sum of the divisors of 8 is 7 (1 + 2 + 4), so 8 is not a perfect number.