Is the last digit 2, 4, 6, 8 or 0? If yes, it's even, else odd.
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16 and The eighth even number
Because the description which is given is sufficient to decide whether or not any given number is in the set.
Given any number, there is an even number that exists greater than it. That even number is a product: of 2 and some number. Therefore, the number that you started with is less than the product of a pair of numbers.
Assuming you know that your number is a perfect square, the square root of an even number is even, and the square root of an odd number is odd.
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