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I don't know an exact year, but handheld calculators first appeared about 1973. Desktops were several years earlier.
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The first calculator dates back to 2700 BC with the invention of the Abacus, invented in Mesopotamia.In the 1940's and 1950's, the first mainframe computers were invented, which led towards the hand-held calculators we know today.In the mid-1960's, desktop calculators were coming to fruition, and in 1970, the first "Pocket" calculator was invented in Japan by Sanyo, called the ICC 0081.
Calculators have changed drastically the first calculator was an abacus. The Arithmometer (1820) was for add, subtract, multiply, and divide. The Odhner (1875) was made by Odhner who invented a pinwheel calculator which used a hand crank to complete the computation. The Comptometer (1885) was made by Felt, he invented the first calculator using keys to push for number entry and calculations. The Standard calculator (1901) was made by Hopkins who used two rows of five buttons representing the digits 0 through 9 to perform math computations. The standard ten digit keyboard (1911) we use today was made by Sundstrand who brought the design from Sweden to the United States. The first commercial calculators (1914) began entering businesses and the use of calculators began to be popular. We have been modifying calculators a little at a time since then.
The disadvantages of calculators is that they are no longer practical or convenient. Unless scientific in nature, most people use the calculators on their smart phones and wireless devices. While stand alone calculators are still in use, their popularity has immensely decreased across the nation.