Vertical and horizontal surface waves are both types of seismic waves that travel along the Earth's surface. They are both considered to be surface waves, which means they do not penetrate deep into the Earth like body waves. These waves are typically the most destructive during an earthquake due to their ability to cause significant ground shaking and damage.
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Both waves travel along Earth's surface and decrease in amplitude with depth below the surface.
It depends (IS) the frequency of the waves.
Ripple.
Count the number of waves passing a point in one second. That is frequency. Or count waves for 10 seconds and divide by 10.
Comparison of waves going through the solid inner core and those just skimming it can show the rotation of the inner core.
It depends on the objects, how far apart they are and whether or not one can be seen from the other. If they are moderately far apart, echo location (sonar or radar) located at one of the objects can be used. A beam of radio or sound waves is aimed at the object and the time taken to receive an echo is measured. Since the speed of radio waves or sound waves in the relevant medium is known, the distance travelled by these waves can be calculated. The distance to the object is then half the calculated distance (the waves have to go there and come back).