The type of cross you mentioned is sometimes also called the St. Georges Cross. There are many variations on the theme. The circle in the centre represents infinity. Circles and shapes derived from circles (such as the "fish" symbol": two bisecting circles) are a constant and recurring theme throughout Christianity, as well as many other faiths. They are symbolic of peace and the great cycle of life, death and rebirth. This particular type of cross is widely associated with Roman Catholicism.
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An ellipsoid * is a three dimensional figure which is symmetrical around three perpendicular axes * has a cross-section in one plane which is a a circle, and the other planes cross-sections are ellipses. In other words, it is an egg-shaped object. If you can stand an egg upright and you slice it through the middle parallel to the tabletop, you will see a circle, no matter where you slice. If you were instead to slice downwards vertically in any direction you would see an ellipse.
The area of a circle is pi x r2 So you just have to find the radius of your circle, which is the radius of your golf ball. Then substitute it into the area of a circle formula as above.
A circles has no perpendicular lines. Perpendicular lines are two straight lines that join forming 90 degree angles. They are found in squares, rectangles, and right-angled triangles. A circle is made by one line that is not straight but is curved. If you drew a circle, rectangle, right-angled triangle, or cross in the circle, then the circle would contain perpendicular lines. But the circle itself would have no perpendicular lines.
Yes, it can as long as it is not the tangent line of the outermost circle. If it is tangent to any of the inner circles it will always cross the outer circles at two points--so it is their secant line--whereas the tangent of the outermost circle is secant to no circle because there are no more circles beyond that last one.