Why not work it in your head? Your 8.50 is 8 and one half. The 8 1/2 is 8 + 1/2 and the 40 is 4 x 10. You have the sum of two numbers times another number: (8 + 1/2) times 40 To work this, you multiply 8 times 40 and add it to 1/2 times 40. 8 x 40 can be worked by breaking the 40 down like this: 8 x (4 x 10) = 8 x 4 x 10 = 32 x 10 = 320 You're half way done, and now you have the easy half left. 1/2 x 40 = 20 Now add like this (8 + 1/2) times 40 = 320 + 20 = 340
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340 is 40% of 850, so 850 minus 340 = 510. If 10% = $85 then 40% = $85 x 4. Take this amount from your total and you have you answer.
850 x 0.5 = 425
850 x 4 = 3400
5100
163,840,000,000 406 = 40 x 40 x 40 x 40 x 40 x 40 = 4,096,000,000.