summation it means the sum of all entities specified. like if is say 1i=10, i2=20, i3=30 then sigma i = 60 i.e.(10+20+30)
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z = (x-mu)/sigma So x = sigma*z + mu = 3m*(-3) + 25 = -9m + 25
Let x denote the values of the variable in question. Suppose there are n observations. Let Sx = the sum of all the values. then the mean of x, Mx = Sx/n Let Sxx = the sum of all the squares of the values. The Vx (= the variance of x) is Sxx - (Mx)^2 and sigma(x) = sqrt(Vx). Therefore one sigma deviation, relative to the mean, = Mx - sigma(x), Mx + sigma(x).
Sigma
In statistics, sigma is a measure of the standard error of a variable. That is a measure of the spread of the variable around its mean value. Many variables are distributed approximately according to the Gaussian (Normal) distribution. Even when they are not, the means of repeated samples are (Central Limit Theorem). For the Gaussian distribution, 95% of the observations lie within 1.96*sigma from the mean. This is sometimes rounded to two sigma. While for an exact Gaussian distribution 2 sigma would imply 95.45%, for approximate Gaussian, it is still "around" 95%. Thus, for example, average IQ (whatever it measures, which certainly is not intelligence!) is 100 and sigma = 15. So 95% of the population will have IQs between 100-2*sigma and 100+2*sigma, which is 70 and 130. By the way, if you think my comment about what IQs measure is sour grapes, I assure you that is nowhere near the truth!
The area under a normal curve with mu = 8 and sigma = 3 is