Most likely it is a logarithm.
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The expression 4x4x4x4x4 can be written in index notation as 4^5, where the base is 4 and the exponent is 5. When you raise a number to an exponent, it means multiplying the base by itself the number of times indicated by the exponent. Therefore, 4^5 is equal to 1024.
An exponent is the power that a number is raised to. For instance, in the expression 3^2 ("three squared"), 2 is the "exponent" and 3 is the "base." A positive exponent just means that the power is a positive number. For instance, the following expression does not involve a positive exponent: 3^(-2). Horses rule!!!!!
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The base of an exponent is the main number. For example in 56 the number 5 is the base and 6 is the exponent.
The power could then be called an exponent. The number that is being raised to a power is called the base. In the case of 42, the exponent is 2 and the base is 4.