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What is your assumption from the dryness fraction's reading is 0.504?
Steam with a dryness fraction of 0.504 consists of 50.4% steam and 49.6% water.
How is a unit fraction alike from a fraction?
Since a unit fraction IS a fraction, it is like a fraction!Since a unit fraction IS a fraction, it is like a fraction!Since a unit fraction IS a fraction, it is like a fraction!Since a unit fraction IS a fraction, it is like a fraction!
What is the composition of steam?
Steam is nothing but a homogeneous mixture of water & air
Different kinds of fraction?
different kinds of fraction: *proper fraction *improper fraction *mixed fraction *equal/equivalent fraction
What is the difference between a fraction and an equivalent fraction?
They are both fractions... an equivalent fraction is a fraction that is the same as another fraction. For example: 1/2 and 2/4 they are equivalent. A fraction is just .. a fraction any fraction.. 2/7 7/8 8/9 :)
What is your assumption from the dryness fraction's reading is 0.504?
Steam with a dryness fraction of 0.504 consists of 50.4% steam and 49.6% water.
What is dryness fraction with answer?
If the water content of the steam is 5% by mass, then the steam is said to be 95% dry and has a dryness fraction of 0.95.Dryness fraction can be expressed as:ζ = ws / (ww + ws) (1)whereζ = dryness fractionww = mass of water (kg, lb)ws = mass of steam (kg, lb)GAJANAN Nalegaonkar
How does trottling calorimeter work?
A throttling calorimeter is a device used to measure the dryness fraction of steam. It works by passing steam through a small nozzle, causing a rapid expansion which results in a drop in pressure and temperature. By measuring the initial and final conditions of the steam, the dryness fraction can be calculated.
What is the highest moisture content allowed in steam turbine?
it is a composition of dryness fraction (1-x) .
How is the dryness fraction of steam determined in a throttling calorimeter?
1. Title: Measurement of dryness fraction by Separating Calorimeter, Throttling Calorimeter, Separating and Throttling Calorimeter. 2. Learning objectives: 2.1. Intellectual skills: a) Measurement of Dryness fraction of steam. b) Understanding various methods of measurement of Dryness fraction. 2.2. Motor skills: a) Arrangement of various components for set up of Throttling, Separating, Separating and Throttling calorimeter. b) To measure the quality of steam. 3. Prior concept: a) Steam generation, Steam quality b) Steam properties 4. New concept: 1. Separating calorimeter: The quality of wet steam is usually defined by its dryness fraction. When the dryness fraction, pressure and temperature of the steam are known, then the state of wet steam is fully defined. In a steam plant it is at times necessary to know the state of the steam. For wet steam, this entails finding the dryness fraction. When the steam is very wet, we make use of a separating calorimeter. Construction of separating calorimeter is as shown in figure: Fig. 3.1 Separating calorimeter [xiii] The steam is collected out of the main steam supply and enters the separator from the top. The steam is forced to make a sharp turn when it hits the perforated cup (or any other mechanism that produces the same effect). This results in a vortex motion in the steam, and water separates out by the centrifugal action. The droplets then remain inside the separator and are collected at the bottom, where the level can be recorded from the water glass. The dry steam will pass out of the calorimeter into a small condenser for the collection of the condensate. However, not all the water droplets remain in the collector tank. Some water droplets pass through to the condenser, and hence this calorimeter only gives a close approximation of the dryness fraction of the steam. From the results obtained from the two collectors, the dryness fraction may then be found from Dryness fraction = This can be expressed as: x = Where, M is the mass of dry steam and m is the mass of suspended water separated in the calorimeter in the same time. Procedure: 1. Observe the setup 2. Identify all the connected equipments 3. Check the range of pressure gauge 4. Open the steam supply valve for a few seconds 5. Measure the condensate formed due to condensation of the moisture in the steam. 6. Measure the condensate formed due to condensation of the dry steam Observation Table: Sr. No. Parameters Reading 1 Boiler steam pressure, p1 (bar) 2 Mass of condensate collected, m (kg) 3 Mass of dry steam, M (kg) Calculation: Dryness fraction (x) = x = Result: The dryness fraction of the sample taken from the main stream is ______________________. Example: In a laboratory experiment, a sample of wet steam is allowed to pass through a separating calorimeter. At some instant, the water collected in the chamber was 0.1 kg whereas the condensed steam was found to be 1.25 kg. Determine the dryness fraction of the steam entering the calorimeter. Solution: Given: m = 0.1 kg and M = 1.25 kg Dryness fraction of the steam x = = = 0.926 2. Throttling calorimeter: If we have steam that is nearly dry, we make use of a throttling calorimeter as shown in figure. This calorimeter is operated by first opening the stop valve fully so that the steam is not partially throttled as it passes through the apparatus for a while to allow the pressure and temperature to stabilize. If the pressure is very close to atmospheric pressure, the saturation should be around 100�C, it may be assumed that the steam is superheated. When the conditions have become steady, the gauge pressure before throttling is read from the pressure gauge. After throttling, the temperature and gauge pressure are read from the thermometer and manometer respectively. The barometric pressure is also recorded. From equation =, We have at p1 = at p2 + x = + Cp ( - ) And thus x = Fig. 3.2 Throttling calorimeter [xiii] Procedure: 1. Observe the setup 2. Identify all the connected equipments 3. Check the range of pressure gauge 4. Check the range of thermometer 5. Check the range of manometer 6. Open the steam supply valve for a short time 7. Measure the steam chest pressure (p1) 8. Measure the steam outlet pressure (p2) 9. Measure the outlet steam temperature (t2) Observation Table: Sr. No. Parameters Reading 1 Boiler steam pressure, p1 (bar) 2 Steam outlet pressure, p2 (bar) 3 Steam outlet temperature (�C) Required readings from steam table: Steam properties at steam chest pressure: a. Enthalpy of feed water (): ________________ b. Enthalpy of wet steam ():________________ Properties of outlet steam: a. Saturation temperature at (p2): ____________________ b. Degree of superheat: Outlet steam temperature � Saturation temperature = ( - ) = _____________ c. Enthalpy of superheated steam (hg2): ______________________ Calculations: at p1 = at p2 + x = + Cp ( - ) And thus x= x = _________________ Result: The dryness fraction of the sample taken from the main stream is ______________________. Example: A throttling calorimeter is used to measure the dryness fraction of the steam in the steam main which has steam flowing at a pressure of 8 bar. The steam after passing through the calorimeter is at 1 bar pressure and 115 �C. Calculate the dryness fraction of the steam in the main. Take Cps = 2.1 kJ/kg K. Solution: 1. Condition of steam before throttling: Pressure, p1 = 8 bar, dryness fraction, x =? 2. Condition of steam after throttling: Pressure, p2 = 1 bar, Temperature, = = 115�C. Steam properties at steam chest pressure: c. Enthalpy of feed water (): 720.9 kJ/kg d. Enthalpy of wet steam (): 2046.5 kJ/kg Properties of outlet steam: d. Saturation temperature at (p2): 99.6 �C e. Degree of superheat: Outlet steam temperature � Saturation temperature = ( - ) = 115 � 99.6 Enthalpy of superheated steam (): 2257.9 kJ/kg As throttling is a constant enthalpy process at p1 = at p2 + x = + Cp ( - ) 720.9 + x * 2046.5 = 417.5 + 2257.9 + 2.1 * (115 � 99.6) x = x = 0.97 3. Separating and throttling calorimeter: If the steam whose dryness fraction is to be determined is very wet then throttling to atmospheric pressure may not be sufficient to ensure superheated steam at exit. In this case it is necessary to dry the steam partially, before throttling. This is done by passing the steam sample from the main through a separating calorimeter as shown in figure. The steam is made to change direction suddenly, and the water, being denser than the dry steam is separated out. The quantity of water which is separated out (mw) is measured at the separator, the steam remaining which now has a higher dryness fraction, is passed through the throttling calorimeter. With the combined separating and throttling calorimeter it is necessary to condense the steam after throttling and measure the amount of condensate (ms). If a throttling calorimeter only is sufficient, there is no need to measure condensate, the pressure and temperature measurements at exit being sufficient. Fig. 3.3 Separating and throttling calorimeter [xiii] Let, State 1 = Properties of steam Coming to Separating Calorimeter State 2 = Properties of steam leaving Separating Calorimeter State 3 = Properties of steam leaving Throttling Calorimeter = Dryness fraction of the steam at Separating Calorimeter = Dryness fraction of the steam at Throttling Calorimeter Dryness fraction at 2 is , therefore, the mass of dry steam leaving the separating calorimeter is equal to ms and this must be the mass of dry vapour in the sample drawn from the main at state 1. Hence fraction in main, = = The dryness fraction can be determined as follows: = = + * ������..at p2 = + + Cps ( - ) ���������at pressure p3 From Enthalpy at 2 = Enthalpy at 3 x2 = The values of and are read from steam tables at pressure p2. The pressure in the separator is small so that p1 is approximately equal to p2. Procedure: 1. Observe the setup 2. Identify all the connected equipments 3. Check the range of pressure gauge 4. Check the range of thermometer 5. Check the range of manometer 6. Open the steam supply valve for a short time 7. Measure the steam chest pressure (p1) 8. Measure the steam outlet pressure (p2) 9. Measure the outlet steam temperature Observation table: Sr. No. Parameters Reading 1 Boiler steam pressure, p1 (bar) 2 Boiler steam temperature, (�C) 3 Water condensate formed in separating calorimeter, mw (kg) 4 Steam outlet pressure at throttling calorimeter, p2 (bar) 5 Outlet steam temperature from throttling calorimeter, (�C) 6 Outlet steam pressure from throttling calorimeter, p3 (bar) 7 Condensate collected at the throttling calorimeter, ms (kg) Readings required from steam table: a. Enthalpy of feed water at state 2, : __________________ b. Enthalpy of wet steam at state 2, : _____________________ c. Temperature of the output steam ()) : _________________ d. Saturation temperature at p3: ____________________ e. Degree of superheat: Outlet steam temperature � Saturation temperature = ( - ) = _____________ f. Enthalpy of feed water at p3: _________________________ g. Enthalpy of wet steam at p3: _____________________________________ h. Enthalpy of Superheated steam at p3: __________________ Calculations: 1. x1 = x1 = x1 = _______________ 2. = + + Cps ( - ) = ________________ 3. = = + * x2 = x2 = ___________ 4. = + * = _____________ Result: The dryness fraction of the sample taken from the main stream is ______________________. Example: In a laboratory experiment, the following observations were taken with a separating and a throttling calorimeter to find the dryness fraction of steam: a. Total quantity of steam passed = 36 kg b. Water drained from separator = 1.8 kg c. Steam pressure before throttling = 12 bar d. Temperature of steam after throttling = 110 �C e. Pressure after throttling = 1.013 bar f. Specific heat of steam = 2.1 kJ/kg K Estimate the quality of steam supplied. Solution: Given: Mass of steam supplied (ms +mw) = 36 kg Mass of water collected, mw = 1.8 kg Steam inlet pressure, p1 = 12 bar Superheated steam temperature, = 110 �C Pressure of steam at 2, p2 = 1.013 bar Specific heat of water, Cp = 2.1 kJ/kg K Let, x1 = Dryness fraction for separating calorimeter, x2 = Dryness fraction for throttling calorimeter x = Actual dryness fraction entering the combined separating and throttling calorimeter From steam table, properties of steam a. = 798.4 kJ/kg b. = 1984.3 kJ/kg c. Temperature of the output steam () : 110 �C d. Saturation temperature of the output steam () at p3: 100 �C e. Enthalpy of feed water at p3 (): 419.1 kJ /kg f. Enthalpy of wet steam at p3(): 2256.9 kJ/kg g. Enthalpy of Superheated steam at p3: 2276 kJ/kg Calculations: 1. We know that mass of dry steam, ms = (ms +mw) - mw = 36 � 1.8 = 34.2 kg = = 0.95 ��. x1 2. = + + Cps ( - ) = 419.1 + 2256.9 + 2.1 * (110 - 100) = 2697 kJ /kg 3. = = + * x2 = = � = 0.9568 4. Actual dryness fraction of the steam entering the combined separating and throttling calorimeter, x = * x = 0.95 * 0.9568 x = 0.909 �.. Ans r answer here...
Define specific volume of wet steam?
If the pressure of a wet vapour is ≤ 2000 kPa and the dryness fraction is ≥ 0.9, then (if you wish) you may use: Vx=XVg ; where Vx is the specific volume you are solving for, X is dryness fraction and Vg is the specific volume of the saturated vapour at the given state (pressure, temp, etc).Otherwise use: Vx = (1 - X)Vf + XVg ; and in this case Vf being the specific volume of the saturated liquid at the given state.The specific volume of wet steam is quite simply, the volume per given mass of the vapour at the given dryness fraction (or steam quality). In the case of wet steam it is solved for by a function of the relationship between the percentage saturated liquid, and the percentage saturated vapour in terms of specific volumes for the two obtained from a data chart.
What is the value of dryness fraction at critical point?
at critical ponint dryness factor is either 0 or 1..
What is dryness fraction?
See OUSL course TTX 5234
What is the abstract noun for dry?
drought
What is steam fraction in power plant?
This simply means in a steam/water mixture the proportion of steam to the total mass of steam and water. This is relevant to BWR's which produce a steam/water mixture at the core outlet.
Dry saturated steam is in a semigaseous state?
No. If you refer to the Temperature/ specific entropy (T - s) diagram for steam, the line segment to the right of the critical point (the point of zero gradient) of the curve is called the dry saturated line and the left segment is the satuated vapour line. As self-explanatory as it sounds, dry saturated steam is on the dry saturated line depending on the given temperature or pressure. The quality (dryness fraction) on the dry saturated line is by definition 1, that means there is no portion of it as vapour. Hence it is in a fully gaseous state.
What is the function of a superheater?
It is used to convert saturated or wet steam into dry steam for use in steam turbines, which are used for marine propulsion and the generation of electricity. +++ Also used for steam feeding reciprocating engines such as railway locomotives. It is not just a matter of dryness. Superheating allows the steam to work as a gas for longer during its passage through the turbine or cylinder, hence increasing the thermal efficiency of the whole plant.
