It is easiest to describe the difference in terms of coordinate geometry.
A linear equation defines a straight line in the coordinate plane. Every point on the line satisfies the equation and no other points do.
For a linear inequality, first consider the corresponding linear equality (or equation). That defines a straight line which divides the plane into two. Depending on the direction of the inequality, all points on one side of the line or the other satisfy the equation, and no point from the other side of the line does. If it is a strict inequality (< or >) then points on the line itself are excluded while if the inequality is not strict (≤or ≥) then points on the line are included.
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There is no quadratic equation that is 'linear'. There are linear equations and quadratic equations. Linear equations are equations in which the degree of the variable is 1, and quadratic equations are those equations in which the degree of the variable is 2.
Linear equations or inequalities describe points x y that lie on a circle.
First degree equations ad inequalities in one variable are known as linear equations or linear inequalities. The one variable part means they have only one dimension. For example x=3 is the point 3 on the number line. If we write x>3 then it is all points on the number line greater than but not equal to 3.
All linear equations are functions but not all functions are linear equations.
Normally no. But technically, it is possible if the two linear equations are identical.