Whole numbers are generally speaking numbers that are "whole" or without fractions and decimals. Generally they are considered to be the natural numbers (or counting numbers) plus zero. The set of whole numbers is {0, 1, 2, 3, ...}. Positive integers are numbers in the set of integers that are greater than zero. The integers {..., -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, ...}. The positive integers {1, 2, 3, ...}. So generally the only difference is whether or not zero is included. Note that there are arguably different sets that can be called whole numbers (such as without the zero, or even somewhat rarely all integers positive and negative).
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The set of counting (natural) numbers is the set of all positive integers, while the set of whole numbers is the set of all positive integers included zero.
natural numbers can not be negative. integers can be both positive and negative.
If difference is taken to mean the first number minus the second then the answer can be positive or negative (or zero if the two numbers are the same). For example: the difference between -5 and -3 is -2 while the difference between -3 and -5 is +2.
No.
The counting numbers are {1, 2, 3, ...}. The integers are the counting numbers, their opposites (-1, -2, ...) and zero. So they are {..., -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, ...}.