To find the two's complement form of -25 using 8 bits, we first need to represent 25 in binary form. 25 in binary is 00011001. To get the two's complement of -25, we invert all the bits of 00011001 to get 11100110. Finally, we add 1 to the inverted binary number to get the two's complement form of -25, which is 11100111 in 8 bits.
100000000000001
00110011 is the 2's complement for this unsigned number and 10110011 if this is a signed number
The advantage of the two's complement method is that the procedure for adding or subtracting numbers is the same, whether the numbers are positive or negative. This makes the hardware for managing these numbers simpler.
6/2 = 3
2+2+2+2-1=7
100000000000001
Wrong. You don't say whether you are using ones-complement notation or twos-complement notation, but in either case you'd be wrong. Your answer of 000110101110 is 430 decimal, but the correct answer is 435 or 436 depending on which notation you use. Ones-complement notation: 000000111001 - 111010000101 = 000110110011 Decimal equivalent: 57 - (-378) = 57 + 378 = 435 Twos-complement notation: 000000111001 - 111010000101 = 000110110100 Decimal equivalent: 57 - (-379) = 57 + 379 = 436 Note that in ones-complement, converting the sign of any value simply inverts all the bits. So if we invert 111010000101 we get 000101111010 which is 378, thus the original signed value was -378. In twos complement we invert all the bits (as per ones-complement) and add 1, so 000101111010 + 1 is 000101111011 is 379, thus the original signed value was -379. QED.
The "twos complement" is that marvelous manipulation of bits in computer binary code that allows the computer to subtact by adding. It would be difficult to explain the whole picture, but computers can really do nothing but add. So the natural question is, how do they then calculate differences? Two's complement is the answer.
00110011 is the 2's complement for this unsigned number and 10110011 if this is a signed number
The same as an unsigned type in any other implementation of C. An unsigned type is an integer that is guaranteed positive. Normally, the most-significant bit of an integer denotes the sign (positive or negative). Unsigned types use this bit to denote value, effectively doubling the range of positive values over that of the signed equivalent. For instance, a signed char has a guaranteed range of -127 to +127 while an unsigned char has a guaranteed range of 0 to 255. Note that a signed char typically has a valid range of -128 to +127, however this is only true on systems that utilise twos-complement notation. Those that use the older ones-complement notation have two representations for the value zero (one positive, one negative). Ones-complement simply inverts all the bits of a value to switch the sign of a value, whereas twos-complement adds the value 1 after inverting all the bits. The value zero is denoted as 00000000 in binary. Inverting the bits creates 11111111, which is minus zero on a ones-complement system and -1 on a twos-complement system. -1 + 1 is 0, hence we add 1 on a twos-complement system.
For positive integers, if the least significant bit is set then the number is odd, otherwise it is even. For negative integers in twos-complement notation, if the least significant bit is set then the number is odd, otherwise it is even. Twos-complement is the normal notation, allowing a range of -128 to +127 in an 8-bit byte. For negative integers in ones-complement notation, if the least significant bit is set then the number is even, otherwise it is odd. Ones-complement is less common, allowing a range of -127 to +127 in an 8-bit byte, where 11111111 is the otherwise non-existent value -0 (zero is neither positive nor negative). Ones-complement allows you to change the sign of a value simply by inverting all the bits. Twos-complement is the same as ones-complement but we also add one. Thus the twos complement of 0 is 0 because 11111111 + 1 is 0 (the overflowing bit is ignored). 11111111 then becomes -1 rather than the non-existent -0.
int complement (int n) { return -n; } or int complement (int n) { return ~n+1; } both does the same thing.
You find the two's complement of 00H the same way you find it for any other number. You complement the bits and then you add 1. In the case of 00H, this results in 00H. That is no surprise, because -0 is the same as +0, and two's complement representation was chosen to do just that, as well as to make the physical addition of signed and unsigned numbers to be the same.
ANSWER: MSB IS 1 In the 2's complement representation, the 2's complement of a binary number is obtained by first finding the one's complement (flipping all the bits), and then adding 1 to the result. This representation is commonly used to represent signed integers in binary form. Now, if all bits except the sign bit are the same, taking the 2's complement of the binary number will result in the negative of the original number. The sign bit (the leftmost bit) is flipped, changing the sign of the entire number. For example, let's take the 4-bit binary number 1101 The 2's complement would be obtained as follows: Find the one's complement: 0010 Add 1 to the one's complement: 0011
-123 = 11 1000 0101 [I presume the number 123 is in decimal] First write the positive number in binary using 10 bits (I've split it into groups of 4 bits to make it easier to read): 123 = 00 0111 1011 Convert to 1s complement by inverting all bits (any 0 => 1, any 1 => 0): 00 0111 1011 => 11 1000 0100 Finally add 1 to get 2s complement: 11 1000 0100 + 1 = 11 1000 0101 Thus the 2s complement of the negative number: -123 = 11 1000 0101 This can also be expressed in hexadecimal: -123 = 0x385 Or in octal (easy to convert if the binary number is first written in groups of 3 bits): -123 = 1 110 000 101 = 01605 [I've used C notation for the hexadecimal and octal numbers.]
One-complement applies to binary values, not decimal values. Therefore when we say the ones-complement of a decimal value we mean convert the value to binary, invert all the bits (the ones-complement), then convert the result back to decimal. For example, the decimal value 42 has the following representation in 8-bit binary: 00101010 If we invert all the bits we get 11010101 which is 213 decimal. Thus 213 is the ones-complement of 42, and vice versa. However, it's not quite as straightforward as that because some (older) systems use ones-complement notation to represent signed values, such that 11010101 represents the decimal value -42. The problem with this notation is that the ones-complement of 00000000 is 11111111 which means the decimal value 0 has two representations, +0 and -0 respectively. In the real-world, zero is neither positive nor negative. To resolve this problem, modern systems use twos-complement to represent signed values. The twos-complement of any value is simply the ones-complement plus one. Thus the ones-complement of 42 becomes -43, therefore the twos-complement of 42 is -43+1 which is -42. Thus -42 is represented by the binary value 11010110 in twos-complement notation. With twos-complement, there is only one representation for the value 0. This is because the ones-complement of 00000000 is 11111111 and if we add 00000001 we get 00000000. Note that we don't get 100000000 because the result cannot have any more bits than were in the original value. When an "overflow" occurs, we cycle back to zero. As a result, incrementing and decrementing signed values has exactly the same logic as incrementing or decrementing unsigned values and flipping the sign of any value is only slightly more complicated by the extra addition operation. However, flipping the sign of a value is a much rarer operation than counting so the cost is trivial compared to the cost of counting operations using ones-complement (because there are two values for zero). Note that ones-complement notation allows an 8-bit value to store signed values in the range -127 to +127, whereas twos-complement allows a range of -128 to +127 (through the elimination of the extra zero). But in unsigned notation, both allow the same range: 0 to 255. Although we rarely encounter ones-complement notation, it is important to keep in mind that not all systems use twos-complement notation, particularly when working with low-level but portable programming languages. This is the reason why both the C and the C++ standards state that the range of an 8-bit signed value is only guaranteed to store values in the range -127 to +127.
One way is using the Twos (2s) complement; that is you find the binary representation of the positive number of -19, flip all the bits (0s to 1s and 1s to 0s), and finally add 1 to it.The positive bit of -19 is simply 19. It has a binary code of 0001 0011 (8 bits are required for this particular method). Flipping the bits, we get 1110 1100. Adding 1 (or 0000 0001) to our last answer, we get 1110 1101 which would be the binary representation of -19.