the Z score, or standard score.
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z-score
The answer depends on the individual measurement in question as well as the mean and standard deviation of the data set.
1% total 0.5% in either direction
z value looks at standard deviations away from the mean. if its tests scores, a higher positive z value means they are higher away from the mean in a positive direction the opposite is true for a negative z score.
Oh, dude, if you've got a number that's off the charts and not on the Normal Distribution table because it's like, way too high, you can just say it's like, super rare or extreme. Just pretend it's a celebrity at a regular person party - they stand out, but they're still part of the crowd, you know? Just acknowledge it's a statistical outlier and move on with your life.