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This question is too general to give a short answer to.

The top three names are usually considered to be Archimedes, Newton, Gauss (in historical order).

Some more are

Euclid, Fermat, Leibniz, the Bernoulli family, Euler, Laplace, Lagrange, Weierstrass, Hilbert, Noether, von Neumann.

A very extensive website is http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/ - look at the Biographies Index. There is an overwhelming amount of information here.

A book on the history of mathematics will give an overview.

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