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Length to the bob affects the period.

Initial amplitude, θ0, affects the period for θ0 > 1

Mass affects the damping force

If you know these variables, which you can measure, you can set up a pretty decent equation approximating the harmonic motion of the pendulum's mass as a function of time.

Now, a lot of people would tell you that θ0 isn't a variable and that the spring constant is the actual third variable. WRONG! Why would we want to constrain ourselves to pendulum motions where the initial angle is less than 10? Also, how could something with the word "constant" in it be a variable? The spring constant varies from one system to another, not within any particular system, and who's going to change systems every measurement? Rather, it's something that you measure once, get a number for, and then proceed to use it over and over again.

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More answers

The three variables that affect the swing of a pendulum are the length of the pendulum, the mass of the pendulum bob, and the amplitude of the swing. These variables influence the period of the pendulum, which is the time it takes for one complete back-and-forth motion.

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