8
T score is usually used when the sample size is below 30 and/or when the population standard deviation is unknown.
You should think of a dependent t as being a single-sample t on the difference scores. This gives it 1 less than the number of differences as the df. Say you have before/after scores for 10 people. You have 20 scores, but the test is done on the differences, of which you have 10 and that means 9 df. You typically obtain df from n - 1, as you do in this case, you just need to be careful to think of this as the number of pairs and not scores.
You calculate the z-scores and then use published tables.
Central tendency in distributions of individual scores can be influenced by outliers and skewness, leading to potential misrepresentation of the data's central value. In contrast, distributions based on sample means tend to be more stable and normally distributed due to the Central Limit Theorem, which states that as sample size increases, the sample means will cluster around the population mean. Consequently, the mean of sample means will typically provide a more accurate estimate of the population mean than the mean of individual scores, especially in larger samples. Thus, sample means generally offer a more reliable indication of central tendency in aggregate data.
When the population standard deviation is known, the sample distribution is a normal distribution if the sample size is sufficiently large, typically due to the Central Limit Theorem. If the sample size is small and the population from which the sample is drawn is normally distributed, the sample distribution will also be normal. In such cases, statistical inference can be performed using z-scores.
z=(x-mean)/(standard deviation of population distribution/square root of sample size) T-score is for when you don't have pop. standard deviation and must use sample s.d. as a substitute. t=(x-mean)/(standard deviation of sampling distribution/square root of sample size)
If, by SX, is meant the sum of the scores, then the answer is 48/4 = 12
Sorry this is meaningless. What exactly is the question?
T score is usually used when the sample size is below 30 and/or when the population standard deviation is unknown.
You should think of a dependent t as being a single-sample t on the difference scores. This gives it 1 less than the number of differences as the df. Say you have before/after scores for 10 people. You have 20 scores, but the test is done on the differences, of which you have 10 and that means 9 df. You typically obtain df from n - 1, as you do in this case, you just need to be careful to think of this as the number of pairs and not scores.
true
149
0.50
sum of scores: 24 mean of scores : 24/4 = 6 squared deviations from the mean: 9, 4,4,9 sum of these: 26 sample variance: 26/4 = 6.5
n= 25 scores from a population with mean =20
You calculate the z-scores and then use published tables.
Simple frequency distribution is a method of organizing large data sets into more easily interpreted sets. An example is organizing sample test scores by the individual scores.