Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
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No, gravitational potential energy is not part of internal energy. Internal energy refers to the total kinetic and potential energy of the particles within a system, while gravitational potential energy arises from the position of an object in a gravitational field.
No, not everything that is not part of a system is gravitational potential energy. Gravitational potential energy refers specifically to the energy stored within an object due to its position in a gravitational field. Other forms of energy, such as kinetic energy, thermal energy, and chemical energy, can exist outside of a system as well.
Potential energy is the energy that an object possesses due to its position or state. It is stored energy that has the potential to do work. Potential energy can take different forms, such as gravitational potential energy, elastic potential energy, or chemical potential energy.
Gravitational potential energy was first mathematically defined by Sir Isaac Newton in the late 17th century as part of his work on classical mechanics and the laws of motion. The concept of gravitational potential energy was further developed and understood by subsequent scientists, such as James Clerk Maxwell and Lord Kelvin.
Gravity and potential energy are closely related because an object's potential energy is determined in part by its position within a gravitational field. As an object is lifted higher in a gravitational field, its potential energy increases due to the work done against gravity. This potential energy can then be converted into kinetic energy as the object falls back towards the surface.
Potential energy is dependent on an object's weight and height because potential energy is a type of energy associated with an object's position relative to a reference point. The higher the object is positioned (height) and the heavier it is (weight), the greater its potential energy due to the force of gravity acting on it.