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The dot product of two perpendicular vectors is 0.

a⋅b = |ab|cos θ

where:

|a| = length of vector a

|b| = length of vector b

θ = the angle between the vectors.

If the vectors are perpendicular, θ = π/2 radians

→ cos θ = cos(π/2) = 0

→ a⋅b = |a| × |b| × 0 = 0

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The dot product can also be calculated for vectors of n dimensions as the sum of the products of the corresponding elements:

a = (a1, a2, ..., an)

b = (b1, b2, ..., bn)

a⋅b = Σ ar × br

for r = 1, 2 , ..., n

With perpendicular vectors this sum is zero,

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