The factor that is being tested in an experiment is called a variable. The factor that is measured or observed is called the dependent variable.
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Hypothesis or postulate .
anything that is not being tested in an experiment but may affect the results that you get.
tom ford
Sometimes yes, but often that is not considered an independent variable but simply a replication of the same experiment.
the controlled variables are the factors that are kept constant during an experiment. if they are not kept constant then they may affect the outcome of the experiment. the manipulated variable is the factor that is different between the experiment and the control. the responding variable is the variable that is being measured in the experiment.