No individual can be said to have discovered the rules of probability. Some people that made important contributions are Gerolamo Cadarno, Pierre de Fermat, Blaise Pascal and Chritiaan Huygens.
Pierre-Simon Laplace wrote what many consider to be the definitive work.
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Experimental or empirical probability.
Probability determined as part of an experiment is called experimental probability. Probability determined by analysis of all of the possible and expected outcomes is called theoretical probability.
Theoretical probability.
Correct.
That's the probability that both events will happen, possibly even at the same time. I think it's called the 'joint' probability.