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Sources of hypothesis?
Identification of a null and alternative hypothesis is used in statistical hypothesis testing. I've included two links which will show you how to formulate these hypothesis. The source of the null hypothesis is considered the "status quo" or what would be assumed without data. Perhaps, you buy 20 light bulbs which average 2500 hours of service, and 14 of these burn out after 2400 hours of service. Your null hypothesis is that the light bulbs will last 2500 hours or more, while the null hypothesis is that they will burn out on the average in less than 2500 hours. Hypothesis in application of the scientific method is entirely another matter. Please see related links.
Why is the level of significance always small?
The significance level is always small because significance levels tell you if you can reject the null-hypothesis or if you cannot reject the null-hypothesis in a hypothesis test. The thought behind this is that if your p-value, or the probability of getting a value at least as extreme as the one observed, is smaller than the significance level, then the null hypothesis can be rejected. If the significance level was larger, then statisticians would reject the accuracy of hypotheses without proper reason.
What happens if a hypothesis is tested and shown to be false?
We do not make a clear separation between "proven true" and "proven false" in hypothesis testing. Hypothesis testing in statistical analysis is used to help to make conclusions based on collected data. We always have two hypothesis and must chose between them. The first step is to decide on the null and alternative hypothesis. We also must provide an alpha value, also called a level of significance. Our null hypothesis, or status quo hypothesis is what we might conclude without any data. For example, we believe that Coke and Pepsi tastes the same. Then we do a survey, and many more people prefer Pepsi. So our alternative hypothesis is people prefer Pepsi over Coke. But our sample size is very small, so we are concerned about being wrong. From our data and level of significance, we find that we can not reject the null hypothesis, so we must conclude that Coke and Pepsi taste the same. The options in hypothesis testing are: Null hypothesis rejected, so we accept the alternative or Null hypothesis not rejected, so we accept the null hypothesis. In the taste test, we could always do a larger survey to see if the results change. Please see related links.
What role does the Central Limit Theorem play in evaluation of the confidence level or hypothesis testing?
Without getting into the mathematical details, the Central Limit Theorem states that if you take a lot of samples from a certain probability distribution, the distribution of their sum (and therefore their mean) will be approximately normal, even if the original distribution was not normal. Furthermore, it gives you the standard deviation of the mean distribution: it's σn1/2. When testing a statistical hypothesis or calculating a confidence interval, we generally take the mean of a certain number of samples from a population, and assume that this mean is a value from a normal distribution. The Central Limit Theorem tells us that this assumption is approximately correct, for large samples, and tells us the standard deviation to use.
What are the applications of dispersion without deviation?
no
How do you Specifically explain how a hypothesis is different from a simple guess?
A hypothesis is a guess made after research is done, while a guess is made before any research, without previous knowledge of the question.
What is the meaning of formulate the hypothesis?
Formulating a hypothesis involves developing a testable statement that predicts the outcome of a research study. It serves as a proposed explanation for a phenomenon and guides the research process by outlining the expected relationship between variables. A well-formulated hypothesis helps researchers design a study to investigate the validity of the proposed explanation.
Why would a study not include a hypothesis?
A study might not include a hypothesis if the goal is exploratory research to gather preliminary information on a topic. Additionally, in descriptive or observational studies where the aim is to simply describe a phenomenon without testing a specific hypothesis, researchers may choose not to formulate a hypothesis.
What is hypothesis statement in marketing research?
HYPOTHESIS IN MARKETING RESEARCH - VIEWING IT DIFFERENTLYArticle Summary:Hypothesis is a tentative statement about the probable solution to a problem of research study well in advance prior to conducting the research study(c) V S RANGARAJANHYPOTHESIS IN MARKETING RESEARCH - VIEWING IT DIFFERENTLYI) INTRODUCTIONHypothesis is a tentative statement about the probable solution to a problem of research study well in advance prior to conducting the research studyThe statement prepared by the Researcher must have logic / evidence / supporting information substantiating the Hypothesis statement arrivedResearch studies are expected to have number of data which need to be analyzed using statistical tools ultimately to arrive at research findings. Hence it becomes inevitable for the Researcher to establish one main Hypothesis and many sub Hypothesis to support the main HypothesisThe research conducted without using the required / adequate statistical analysis at each and stage of the research process may lead the Researcher in the wrong direction making the research a futile exercise. Hence the Researcher needs to use statistical analysis in all he stages of research like Defining the population, Hypothesis formulation and Statistical data analysis, etcIf the research work does not have statistical analysis of data the Researcher need not consider establishing the HypothesisThe author wants to present the facts of the Hypothesis in a different manner than usual and hence the following explanation on the topicII) CLASSIFICATION OF HYPOTHESISHypothesis could be classified on two different ways1) Stage of the research in the entire research process2) level of importance and nature of problem on hand andType 1Hypothesis if developed based on the Stage of the research in the entire research processa) Main Hypothesisb) Sub Hypothesisa) Main HypothesisAs soon as the research problem is taken the Researcher conducts Literature study, Exploratory study, etc to become familiar with the problem thoroughly and to formulate Hypothesis.The Main Hypothesis refers to the Primary objective of the study which is arrived from the need of the studyExampleA Researcher wants to conduct research on the Reasons for decline in sales of company manufacturing andselling cars of X brand.From the experts / dealer opinion survey the researcher has found out that the sales decline is because of Customer dissatisfaction.Based on the above Exploratory research the Researcher has formulated the Main Hypothesis as the customer dissatisfaction is the reason for sales decline in the car companyThe Researcher to confirm that only the Customer dissatisfaction is the reason for the sales decline he proceeds with the following research work'Study on Customer satisfaction level on the X brand cars among its customersAfter developing the Main Hypothesis he develops many Sub Hypothesis to support the Main Hypothesisb)Sub HypothesisThe Researcher prepares questionnaire keeping the Secondary objectives in mind the answers for the questions provide information to test the HypothesisThus the Researcher develops many Sub Hypothesis to find answers for the Secondary objectives established with relevance to Primary objective- Duration of holding the car purchased by the owners is very less- Number of complaints reported by the customers are high, etcThe Sub Hypothesis will be either accepted or rejected based on the Statistical analysis conducted like percentage analysis, trend analysis, etcConsolidating the Sub Hypothesis the Researcher arrives at a conclusion whether to accept or reject the Main Hypothesis statedType 2The level of importance and nature of problem on hand for research plays an important role in developing HypothesisHypothesis classified based on the level of importance and the nature of the problem on hand are,a) No Hypothesis researchb) Tentative Hypothesisc) Well defined Hypothesisa) No Hypothesis researchWhen the research problem is of the nature like estimation, finding averages, etc the researcher cannot or may not formulate HypothesisThat is if the Researcher is proposing to use only simple Statistical tools like percentages, mean, mode, median, etc to arrive at findings the Researcher may not be interested in establishing the HypothesisexampleWhen the Researcher wants to find out the quantity of water that the students of a particular college drink daily, where no secondary data is available with the college authorities in any form, the Researcher has to proceed the research wok without any Hypothesis.One option that exists for him to formulate Hypothesis is to conduct a small sample survey with the students of the college and thus arrive at a Hypothesis. Here the Hypothesis formulated is in no way going to help the Researcher and hence he need not waste his time and energy in establishing the Hypothesis, he can as well proceed without HypothesisSince developing Main Hypothesis itself is considered as a wasteful exercise there is no question of developing Sub Hypothesis here in these type of research studiesb) Tentative Hypothesis ResearchTentative Hypothesis is the statement made by the Researcher without taking much effort in arriving at the Hypothesis and also without possessing much supportive information in formulating the Hypothesis.When the magnitude of the problem is not serious or when the problem is from a very general area, the Researcher may not be interested in spending money, effort and time in conducting exploratory research to come out the supporting information on the Hypothesis the Researcher formulates Hypothesis on a tentative manner from the data which he obtained easily and is termed as the Tentative Hypothesis.This is like the person instead of proceeding in total darkness without direction proceeding with a torch light which may be sufficient as long as his speed is very minimal. This is like from no direction situation ( No Hypothesis research condition ) to some direction situationSince the research work involves only one or two simple statistical tools the Researcher will be put to the necessity of developing one or few Sub Hypothesisc) Well defined working HypothesisOn the other hand when the research is conducted in not a popular / specialized subject area the results of which is going to be used for taking a major important decision the Researcher need to formulate a well defined workingHypothesis with necessary supporting information collected in a well defined manner with clarity using Exploratory researchSimilarly when the nature of the problem is complex the necessity of using more number of Statistical tools inevitable and hence becomes very important for the Researcher in formulating the Well defined Hypothesis to proceed with the research processFirst the Researcher arrives at the Main Hypothesis keeping the Primary objective in mind and develops many more Sub Hypothesis as and when he proceeds with statistical analysis of the data the findings of which will be combined to arrive at the findings for the Primary objectiveIII) CONCLUSIONFor research study there will be only one Main Hypothesis and many Sub Hypothesis depending on the number of secondary objectives. More the number of secondary objectives more will be the Sub Hypothesis and vice versa. Similarly more of statistical tools used more will be the Sub Hypothesis.
Why do scientist like to use scientific method?
The scientific method is basicly this. State the problem (Purpose) Research the topic Research) Predict the outcome to the problem (Hypothesis) Find a way to test the hypothesis (Experiment) Record the results (Analysis) Compare the results to the hypothesis (Conclusion) Scientists use this method because you really can't prove anything without it. Say if you wanted to see if plants grew better with or without fertilizer. That would be your purpose. You would then research what kind of plant and fertilizer you want to try. This is your research. After doing this, you would make an opinion about what YOU think will, or will not work. (Hypothesis) The you experiment, and afterwards, take note of how the plants did.(Analysis) Finally, you compare your results to the hypothesis you made earlier. (Conclusion) If you take out even one of these, you would no longer have an organized, efficent way to prove anything. And it is not only scientists that use this method, but people too. If you have a problem, without even realizing it, you're probably using the scientific method somehow.
A hypothesis may not be necessary in any research initiative What would be a good reason not to have one in the scientific research process?
A hypothesis is often necessary. In order to build a theory, one must either confirm or falsify hypotheses - for example, a hypothesis is not necessary to answer the question "what is the emission spectrum of X", because it can be measured directly. However, in order to answer a question like "what is the mechanism of gravity", one must identify possible answers, and proceed to test hypotheses - "the mechanism is / is not tranmission of gravitons", and so on. In any research endeavor, there will usually be an implied hypothesis, even if there is no explicit hypothesis. If you go out and say "I am going to collect data on consumer behavior relating to X", there is an implied hypothesis thatat least there will be some trends in the behavior. In a broad sense, research with no hypothesis whatsoever is simply random data collection, because nothing is being tested. It is possible to conduct research with no expectation or opinion on what the results might be, it is another thing entirely to conduct research without expecting to answer any question at all.
Difference between hypothesis and assumption in research?
A hypothesis is a specific, testable prediction about the relationship between variables in a research study, based on existing knowledge or theory. An assumption, on the other hand, is a belief that is taken for granted or accepted as true without proof, which may not always be explicitly stated or tested in research. Hypotheses guide the research process, while assumptions are often underlying beliefs or conditions that influence the research design or interpretation of results.
Hypothesis only becomes a valid argument conclusion after it has been?
tested and supported by evidence gathered through research or experimentation. This process helps to verify the hypothesis' accuracy and reliability in making predictions about the phenomenon being studied. Without testing and evidence, a hypothesis remains a proposed explanation without the weight of scientific validation.
What is a question without an answer in science?
a hypothesis
Why is a prediction considered good in research?
Predictions or hypotheses are the basis of most research using statistical analysis. To do research without knowing what you are looking for is like sticking your hand into a bag that contains snakes, spiders, crabs and scorpions - you don't which one bit you so you don't which anti-venom to take. In the case of research, you should at least know what you expect to happen so that you can account for why it did or didn't when your observations have been completed. Most statistical science frames the hypothesis in the negative, i.e. what you don't expect to be observed during your research. If you fail to prove your hypothesis, you haven't automatically proved your alternative hypothesis, but you have accumulated evidence to more strongly support the likelihood of it being true.
True or false An experience survey is classified as exploratory research?
True. An experience survey is classified as exploratory research because it aims to gather information and insights on a particular topic or issue, without the need for a hypothesis or specific research questions. It helps to explore and understand the subject matter more deeply before proceeding to more conclusive research studies.
What is the hypothesis growing plant without soil?
GG
