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Platelet count?
DefinitionA platelet count is a test to measure how many platelets you have in your blood. Platelets help the blood clot. They are smaller than red or white blood cells.Alternative NamesThrombocyte countHow the test is performedBlood is typically drawn from a vein, usually from the inside of the elbow or the back of the hand. The site is cleaned with germ-killing medicine (antiseptic). The health care provider wraps an elastic band around the upper arm to apply pressure to the area and make the vein swell with blood.Next, the health care provider gently inserts a needle into the vein. The blood collects into an airtight vial or tube attached to the needle. The elastic band is removed from your arm.Once the blood has been collected, the needle is removed, and the puncture site is covered to stop any bleeding.In infants or young children, a sharp tool called a lancet may be used to puncture the skin and make it bleed. The blood collects into a small glass tube called a pipette, or onto a slide or test strip. A bandage may be placed over the area if there is any bleeding.How to prepare for the testNo preparation is necessary. Tell your doctor if you are taking any medications, including over-the-counter medicines and supplements.Drugs that can lower platelet counts include chemotherapy drugs, chloramphenicol, colchicine, GP IIb/IIIa receptor antagonists, H2 blocking agents, heparin, hydralazine, indomethacin, isoniazid, quinidine, streptomycin, sulfonamides, thiazide diuretic, and tolbutamide.How the test will feelWhen the needle is inserted to draw blood, some people feel moderate pain, while others feel only a prick or stinging sensation. Afterward, there may be some throbbing.Why the test is performedThe number of platelets in your blood can be affected by many diseases. Platelets may be counted to monitor or diagnose diseases, or identify the cause of excess bleeding.Normal Values150,000 - 400,000 platelets per microliter (mcL).Note: Normal value ranges may vary slightly among different laboratories. Talk to your doctor about the meaning of your specific test results.The examples above show the common measurements for results for these tests. Some laboratories use different measurements or may test different specimens.What abnormal results meanA lower-than-normal number of platelets (thrombocytopenia) may be due to:Cancer chemotherapyCertain medicationsDisseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)Hemolytic anemiaHypersplenismIdiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)LeukemiaMassive blood transfusionProsthetic heart valveThombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)Celiac diseaseVitamin K deficiencyA higher-than-normal number of platelets (thrombocytosis) may be due to:AnemiaChronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)Polycythemia veraPrimary thrombocythemiaRecent spleen removalWhat the risks areThere is very little risk involved with having your blood taken. Veins and arteries vary in size from one patient to another and from one side of the body to the other. Taking blood from some people may be more difficult than from others.Other risks associated with having blood drawn are slight but may include:Excessive bleedingFainting or feeling light-headedHematoma (blood accumulating under the skin)Infection (a slight risk any time the skin is broken)ReferencesSchmaier AH. Laboratory evaluation of hemostatic and thrombotic disorders. In: Hoffman R, Benz EJ Jr, Shattil SJ, et al, eds. Hoffman Hematology: Basic Principles and Practice. 5th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier; 2008:chap 122.Reviewed ByReview Date: 08/31/2011A.D.A.M. Editorial Team: David Zieve, MD, MHA, and David R. Eltz. Previously reviewed by David C. Dugdale, III, MD, Professor of Medicine, Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine (2/13/2011).
HCG blood test - quantitative?
DefinitionA quantitative human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) test measures the specific level of HCG in the blood. HCG is a hormone produced during pregnancy.See also:HCG urine testHCG blood test - qualitativeAlternative NamesSerial beta HCG; Repeat quantitative beta HCG; Human chorionic gonadotrophin blood test - quantitative; Beta-HCG blood test - quantitative; Pregnancy test - blood - quantitativeHow the test is performedBlood is typically drawn from a vein, usually from the inside of the elbow or the back of the hand. The site is cleaned with germ-killing medicine (antiseptic). The health care provider wraps an elastic band around the upper arm to apply pressure to the area and make the vein swell with blood.Next, the health care provider gently inserts a needle into the vein. The blood collects into an airtight vial or tube attached to the needle. The elastic band is removed from your arm.Once the blood has been collected, the needle is removed, and the puncture site is covered to stop any bleeding.In infants or young children, a sharp tool called a lancet may be used to puncture the skin and make it bleed. The blood collects into a small glass tube called a pipette, or onto a slide or test strip. A bandage may be placed over the area if there is any bleeding.How to prepare for the testNo special preparation is necessary.How the test will feelWhen the needle is inserted to draw blood, some people feel moderate pain, while others feel only a prick or stinging sensation. Afterward, there may be some throbbing.Why the test is performedHCG appears in the blood and urine of pregnant women as early as 10 days after conception. Quantitative HCG measurements can help to diagnose abnormal preqnancies, such as ectopic pregnancies, molar pregnancies, and those that will miscarry. It is also used as part of a screening test for Down Syndrome.This test is also done to diagnose abnormal conditions unrelated to pregnancy that can raise HCG levels.Normal ValuesHCG levels rise rapidly during the first trimester of pregnancy and then slightly decline.What abnormal results meanHigher-than-normal levels may indicate:Choriocarcinomaof the uterusHydatidiform mole of the uterusNormal pregnancyMore than one fetus -- for example, twins or tripletsOvarian cancerTesticular cancer (in men)Lower-than-normal levels may indicate:Fetal deathIncomplete miscarriageThreatened spontaneous abortionEctopic pregnancyWhat the risks areThere is very little risk involved with having your blood taken. Veins and arteries vary in size from one patient to another and from one side of the body to the other. Taking blood from some people may be more difficult than from others.Other risks associated with having blood drawn are slight but may include:Excessive bleedingFainting or feeling light-headedHematoma (blood accumulating under the skin)Infection (a slight risk any time the skin is broken)Special considerationsDrugs that can decrease HCG measurements include diuretics and promethazine.Drugs that can increase HCG measurements include anticonvulsants, anti-parkinsonian drugs, phenothiazine, and promethazine.ReferencesWebster RA. Reproductive function and pregnancy. In: McPherson RA, Pincus MR, eds. Henry's Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods. 21st ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2006:chap 25.Lee P, Pincus MR, McPherson RA. Diagnosis and management of cancer using serologic tumor markers. In: McPherson RA, Pincus MR, eds. Henry's Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods. 21st ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2006:chap 74.Morrison LJ. General approach to the pregnancy patient. In: Marx J, ed. Rosen's Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice. 6th ed. St Philadelphia, Pa: Mosby Elsevier; 2006:chap 176.
RBC count?
DefinitionAn RBC count is a blood test that tells how many red blood cells (RBCs) you have.RBCs contain hemoglobin, which carries oxygen. How much oxygen your body tissues get depends on how many RBCs you have and how well they work.Alternative NamesErythrocyte count; Red blood cell countHow the test is performedBlood is typically drawn from a vein, usually from the inside of the elbow or the back of the hand. The site is cleaned with germ-killing medicine (antiseptic). The health care provider wraps an elastic band around the upper arm to apply pressure to the area and make the vein swell with blood.Next, the health care provider gently inserts a needle into the vein. The blood collects into an airtight vial or tube attached to the needle. The elastic band is removed from your arm.Once the blood has been collected, the needle is removed, and the puncture site is covered to stop any bleeding.In infants or young children, a sharp tool called a lancet may be used to puncture the skin and make it bleed. The blood collects into a small glass tube called a pipette, or onto a slide or test strip. A bandage may be placed over the area if there is any bleeding.How to prepare for the testNo special preparation is necessary for adults.How the test will feelWhen the needle is inserted to draw blood, some people feel moderate pain, while others feel only a prick or stinging sensation. Afterward, there may be some throbbing.Why the test is performedThe RBC count is almost always part of the CBC (complete blood count) test.The test can help diagnose anemia and other conditions affecting red blood cells.Additional conditions under which an RBC count may be performed:Alport syndromeDrug-induced immune hemolytic anemiaHemolytic anemia due to G6PD deficiencyHereditary anemias, such as thalassemiaIdiopathic autoimmune hemolytic anemiaImmune hemolytic anemiaMacroglobulinemia of WaldenstromParoxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH)Primary myelofibrosisNormal ValuesThe general the range is as follows:Male: 4.7 to 6.1 million cells per microliter (cells/mcL)Female: 4.2 to 5.4 million cells/mcLNote: Normal value ranges may vary slightly among different laboratories. Talk to your doctor about the meaning of your specific test results.What abnormal results meanHigher-than-normal numbers of RBCs may be due to:Cigarette smokingCongenital heart diseaseCor pulmonaleDehydration(such as from severe diarrhea)Kidney tumor (renal cell carcinoma)Low blood oxygen levels (hypoxia)Pulmonary fibrosisPolycythemia veraYour RBC count will increase for several weeks when you move to a higher altitude.Drugs that can increase the RBC count include:GentamicinMethyldopaLower-than-normal numbers of RBCs may be due to:AnemiaBone marrow failure (for example, from radiation, toxins, or tumor)Erythropoietin deficiency (secondary to kidney disease)Hemolysis (RBC destruction) due to transfusion, blood vessel injury, or other causeHemorrhage (bleeding)LeukemiaMalnutritionMultiple myelomaNutritional deficiencies of: IronCopperFolateVitamin B-12Vitamin B-6OverhydrationPregnancyDrugs that can decrease the RBC count include:Chemotherapy drugsChloramphenicolHydantoinsQuinidineWhat the risks areThere is very little risk involved with having your blood taken. Veins and arteries vary in size from one patient to another and from one side of the body to the other. Taking blood from some people may be more difficult than from others.Other risks associated with having blood drawn are slight but may include:Excessive bleedingFainting or feeling light-headedHematoma (blood accumulating under the skin)Infection (a slight risk any time the skin is broken)ReferencesZuckerman K. Approach to the anemias. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007:chap 162.
Reticulocyte count?
DefinitionA reticulocyte count measures the percentage of reticulocytes (slightly immature red blood cells) in the blood.How the test is performedBlood is typically drawn from a vein, usually from the inside of the elbow or the back of the hand. The site is cleaned with germ-killing medicine (antiseptic). The health care provider wraps an elastic band around the upper arm to apply pressure to the area and make the vein swell with blood.Next, the health care provider gently inserts a needle into the vein. The blood collects into an airtight vial or tube attached to the needle. The elastic band is removed from your arm.Once the blood has been collected, the needle is removed, and the puncture site is covered to stop any bleeding.In infants or young children, a sharp tool called a lancet may be used to puncture the skin and make it bleed. The blood collects into a small glass tube called a pipette, or onto a slide or test strip. A bandage may be placed over the area if there is any bleeding.The blood sample is sent to a laboratory. A special stain is used to identify the reticulocytes.How to prepare for the testNo special preparation is necessary.How the test will feelWhen the needle is inserted to draw blood, some people feel moderate pain, while others feel only a prick or stinging sensation. Afterward, there may be some throbbing.Why the test is performedThe test is done to determine if red blood cells are being created in the bone marrow at an appropriate rate. The number of reticulocytes in the blood is a sign of how quickly they are being produced and released by the bone marrow.Normal ValuesThe normal range depends on the level of hemoglobin, and the range is higher if there is low hemoglobin due to bleeding or red cell destruction.What abnormal results meanA higher-than-normal percentage of reticulocytes may indicate:BleedingErythroblastosis fetalisHemolytic anemiaKidney diseasewith increased erythropoietinproductionA lower-than-normal percentage of reticulocytes may indicate:Bone marrow failure (for example, from drug toxicity, tumor, or infection)Cirrhosis of the liverFolate deficiencyIron deficiencyKidney disease with decreased erythropoietin productionRadiation therapyVitamin B-12deficiencyAdditional conditions under which the test may be performed:Anemia of chronic diseaseCongenital spherocytic anemiaDrug-induced immune hemolytic anemiaHemolytic anemia due to G6PD deficiencyIdiopathic aplastic anemiaIdiopathic autoimmune hemolytic anemiaImmune hemolytic anemiaPernicious anemiaSecondary aplastic anemiaWhat the risks areThere is very little risk involved with having your blood taken. Veins and arteries vary in size from one patient to another and from one side of the body to the other. Taking blood from some people may be more difficult than from others.Other risks associated with having blood drawn are slight but may include:Excessive bleedingFainting or feeling light-headedHematoma (blood accumulating under the skin)Infection (a slight risk any time the skin is broken)Special considerationsThe reticulocyte count may be increased during pregnancy.ReferencesZuckerman K. Approach to the anemias. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007:chap 162.
What has the author Constance Caranasos written?
Constance Caranasos has written: 'Behavioral and heart rate responses of four-, five-, and six-week-old infants to varying auditory stimuli' -- subject(s): Infants, Heart beat, Auditory perception
Why do infants construct schemas?
A considerable portion of infants' knowledge of the world is built upon their developing perceptual skills. Essential to this cognitive construction of mental schemas are several key cognitive abilities.
Conduct basic research on the progressive changes in infants' perceptual skills during the first year of life related to what type of phsychology?
developmental
What is biosocial in infants to two years?
describe what is biosocial
Which explanation of infants' cognitive competencies do you prefer and why?
I prefer the theory of core knowledge because it suggests that infants are born with innate cognitive abilities that help them make sense of the world from a very young age. This theory emphasizes that babies have fundamental knowledge about objects, numbers, and spatial relationships that guides their learning and development.
What perceptual abilities do newborns and infants have?
Newborns can see contrasting colors, focus on objects about 8-12 inches away, and identify basic shapes. Infants can track moving objects with their eyes, recognize familiar faces and voices, and begin to understand depth perception.
Who emphasized that perceptual understanding comes from inborn ways of organizing sensory experience?
Jean Piaget, a Swiss psychologist, emphasized that perceptual understanding comes from inborn ways of organizing sensory experience. He believed that infants are born with cognitive structures that help them make sense of the world and develop their understanding of their environment through interactions and experiences.
What is significant about the brainstem?
The brainstem controls several body functions. Heart rate, Blood pressure, alertness and arousal are all controlled by the brainstem. In infants, there are studies that prove that the brain stem is partly in control of auditory functions.
What has the author Adrian H Sibian written?
Adrian H. Sibian has written: 'Sequences of perceptual, social, cognitive and language processes as measured by the Bayley Mental Scale of Infant Development' -- subject(s): Infants, Development, Scaling (Social sciences)
Why cant most of us describe or recall events that happened to us as infants?
the memory area of the cortex is not yet developed
What shows perceptual abilities of infants?
Visual cliff. where the baby is placed in a glass surface with a "cliff" off to one side, They think they may fall off so they don't go near the edge or maybe test it before continuing. (babies are not harmed by falling.)
What do you call a Severe stomach ache ending in IC?
If you were asking this question about a horse, the answer would be COLIC, the same term used to describe stomach problems in infants.
