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No, the standard deviation is a measure of the entire population. The sample standard deviation is an unbiased estimator of the population. It is different in notation and is written as 's' as opposed to the greek letter sigma. Mathematically the difference is a factor of n/(n-1) in the variance of the sample. As you can see the value is greater than 1 so it will increase the value you get for your sample mean. Essentially, this covers for the fact that you are unlikely to obtain the full population variation when you sample.
The answer depends on the sign of the growth factor which is less than 1. There is no factor that is "less then 1"!If the first term is 0, the growth factor has no effect.A positive growth factor less than 1 results in a sequence that decreases towards 0. A growth factor greater than 1 results in a sequence that increases without limit if the initial value is positive, or decreases without limit (towards minus infinity) if the first term is negative.
Estimation is a range of the subject spoken about. There is estimated to be over 90 different species of birds in California.
It is just a factor or categorical variable. On the other hand for instance, If your age is continuous (rather than age brackets) then it would be a covariate. If your age is given as age-brackets, then it wont be covariate.
A biased error is one that is caused by a factor inherent to the source of the error. An unbiased error is one that comes from anywhere.