It may or may not be: it depends on the study. In a study of how people intend to vote in an election, the political affiliation would be an independent variable - although probably very highly correlated with the voting intention. On the other hand in the study of the political affiliation of the people who voted in favour of (or against) a particular person, it will be a dependent variable.
1. It permits preliminary testing of the hypotheses that leads to testing more precise hypotheses in the main study. It may lead to changing some hypotheses, dropping some, or developing new hypotheses. 2. It often provides the researcher with ideas, approaches, and clues you may not have foreseen before conducting the pilot study. Such ideas and clues increase the chances of getting clearer findings in the main study. 3. It permits a thorough check of the planned statistical and analytical procedures, giving you a chance to evaluate their usefulness for the data. You may then be able to make needed alterations in the data collecting methods, and therefore, analyze data in the main study more efficiently. 4. It can greatly reduce the number of unanticipated problems because you have an opportunity to redesign parts of your study to overcome difficulties that the pilot study reveals. 5. It may save a lot of time and money. Unfortunately, many research ideas that seem to show great promise are unproductive when actually carried out. The pilot study almost always provides enough data for the researcher to decide whether to go ahead with the main study. 6. In the pilot study, the researcher may try out a number of alternative measures and then select those that produce the clearest results for the main study.
There is not enough information to say much. To start with, the correlation may not be significant. Furthermore, a linear relationship may not be an appropriate model. If you assume that a linear model is appropriate and if you assume that there is evidence to indicate that the correlation is significant (by this time you might as well assume anything you want!) then you could say that the dependent variable decreases by 0.13 units for every unit change in the independent variable - within the range of the independent variable.
A physician wishes to study the relationship between hypertension and smoking habits. From a random sample of 180 individuals, the following results were obtainedAt the 5% level of significance, test whether the absence of hypertension is independent of smoking habits.HypertensionSmoking habitNon-smokersModerate smokersHeavy smokersYes213630No482619
The repeated measures design (also known as a within-subjects design) uses the same subjects with every condition of the research, including the control.[1] For instance, repeated measures are collected in a longitudinal study in which change over time is assessed. Other studies compare the same measure under two or more different conditions. For instance, to test the effects of caffeine on cognitive function, a subject's math ability might be tested once after they consume caffeine and another time when they consume a placebo.(Source Reference: - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repeated_measures )
Validity is the extent to which a measurement tool actually measures what we wish to measure.
Validity in sociology refers to the degree to which a research study accurately measures what it intends to measure. It ensures that the findings and conclusions drawn from the research are based on reliable and accurate data. A study is considered valid when its methods and results align with the research question and theoretical framework.
An independent variable is a factor that is manipulated or chosen by the experimenter to determine its relationship with the dependent variable. It is the variable that is changed or controlled in an experiment to study its effect on the dependent variable.
The data type that measures the outcome of a study is quantitative data.
The difficulty level of independent study depends on the person. If the person is a person who likes to learn on their own, then independent study may be easy. But for others, if they learn better being taught by someone else, independent study may be very hard. Whether independent study is hard or not depends on the person and how they learn.
Validity refers to whether a test or assessment accurately measures what it is intended to measure. It assesses the extent to which a test provides meaningful and useful information about the construct it is designed to measure. Validity is crucial for ensuring that test scores are reliable and can be interpreted correctly.
Study is a verb. It describes an action.
Accurately describing the procedure in an experiment is important for several reasons. It allows other scientists to replicate the study and verify the results, promoting the advancement of scientific knowledge. It also helps ensure the credibility and reliability of the research findings. Transparent methodology allows for scrutiny and validation of the study's conclusions.
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Marvin LeRoy Evans has written: 'A comparative study of secondary school independent study programs' -- subject(s): Independent study
to study the pyhsical world to answer scientific questions accurately
to study the pyhsical world to answer scientific questions accurately