Slag inclusions are nonmetallic solid material entrapped in weld metal or between weld metal and base metal. Slag inclusions are regions within the weld cross section or at the weld surface where the once-molten flux used to protect the molten metal is mechanically trapped within the solidified metal. This solidified slag represents a portion of the weld's cross-section where the metal is not fused to itself. This can result in a weakened condition which could impair the serviceability of the component. Inclusions may also appear at the weld surface. Like incomplete fusion, slag inclusions can occur between the weld and base metal or between individual weld passes. In fact, slag inclusions are often associated with incomplete fusion. Daniel
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The inclusion of a parity bit extends the message length. There are more bits that can be in error since the parity bit is now included. The parity bit may be in error when there are no errors in the corresponding data bits. Therefore, the inclusion of a parity bit with each character would change the probability of receiving a correct message.
It is something that causes or contributes to a change.
It detects the presence of special causes of variation.
an independent variable
proportional to the cumulative probability of all the causes listed for that hazard