RESEARCH BIAS
bias = unknown or unacknowledged error created during the design, measurement, sampling, procedure, or choice of problem studiedEXAMPLE #1: RQ: WHY DO BLACK STUDENTS SCORE LOWER ON IQ TESTS THAN WHITE STUDENTS?
EXAMPLE #2: RQ: "WHY DO SOME RAPE VICTIMS HAVE A HIGHER INCIDENCE OF CHILDHOOD INCEST THAN NON RAPE VICTIMS?"
EXAMPLE #3: WHAT EFFECT DO COMPANY PROVISION OF DAYCARE SERVICES HAVE ON THE JOB SATISFACTION OF WOMEN?
Just World Hypothesis = in a fair and just world, good things happen to good people and bad things happen to bad people
1. Assume homogeneity. Assume a minority or at-risk population is homogenous
2. Wonder about variation. Ask the basic question of research: "why dont they score the average?"
3. Speculate on a predictor of variation. Find some characteristic of the subgroup which may explain the deviance
4. Assume causality. If the characteristic is found in the minority subgroup, assume it explains the deviance from the norm
5. Attribution. Begin to view the characteristic as an attribute of the group
Sampling error leads to random error. Sampling bias leads to systematic error.
The thing that can be done to reduce bias is sampling random things
Standard error is random error, represented by a standard deviation. Sampling error is systematic error, represented by a bias in the mean.
bias
the hindsight bias
A system of gathering data to reduce bias and errors in measurement is called a "controlled experiment." This involves carefully designing the study to control for potential confounding factors that could influence the results. By controlling these variables, researchers can draw more accurate and reliable conclusions from the data collected.
Scientific method
Bias is systematic error. Random error is not.
Some common sampling problems that researchers encounter in their studies include selection bias, non-response bias, sampling error, and inadequate sample size. These issues can affect the validity and generalizability of research findings.
A blind study can help reduce bias by preventing the participants or researchers from being influenced by their knowledge of which group they belong to. This can help ensure that the results are more objective and not influenced by preconceived notions or expectations.
To reduce bias in a scientific investigation, a scientist can use randomization in sampling, blind studies, and double-blind studies. Randomization helps to minimize selection bias, while blind studies prevent participants from knowing which group they are in, reducing response bias. In double-blind studies, both the participants and the researchers are unaware of who is receiving the treatment, further minimizing bias.
Sampling error leads to random error. Sampling bias leads to systematic error.
advantages: reduce bias easy of sampling disadvantages: sampling error time consuming
Some examples of threats to validity that could impact the results of this study include selection bias, measurement error, confounding variables, and researcher bias.
The thing that can be done to reduce bias is sampling random things
bias or primary
to make careful observations (got this off a study guide at school haha)