1.
1x1=1
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The chi-squared test is used to compare the observed results with the expected results. If expected and observed values are equal then chi-squared will be equal to zero. If chi-squared is equal to zero or very small, then the expected and observed values are close. Calculating the chi-squared value allows one to determine if there is a statistical significance between the observed and expected values. The formula for chi-squared is: X^2 = sum((observed - expected)^2 / expected) Using the degrees of freedom, use a table to determine the critical value. If X^2 > critical value, then there is a statistically significant difference between the observed and expected values. If X^2 < critical value, there there is no statistically significant difference between the observed and expected values.
-1
No, it equals positive 9. Any negative number squared will always give a positive result; the square root of a negative number is always imaginary (a mathematical term, referring to 'i'). So, (-3)2 = 9 and -32 = -9.
-9
10