It means that it is written in a way that can be understood only by those who possess the keys of that code.
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An F in statistics is typically a grade. This F means that you are failing or have failed the course.
It means the sum total.
When referring to statistics, variable means that numbers change and can go up and down. If something is constant, numbers remain unchanged.
n-1 means take the sample size and subtract 1 from it.
Are you talking of this in means of Statistics? If you are, then the variation from the mean is measured in standard deviation.