number of deaths by total number of deaths in a population
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Odds ratio (AD/BC) is the ratio between number of times that something happens and does not happen. Crude odds ratio is the ratio that is not stratified (ex. by age). Adjusted odds ratio is a stratified odds ratio. If the odds ratio equals one, then there is no association, and null hypothesis shall be accepted. If one is included into confidence interval, then it is possible that odds ratio equals one, and it is not statistically significant. If stratified odds ratios are about the same, or there are no significant differences, the odds ratios are combined into one common odds summary estimate of two stratum specific ORs using Mantel-Haenszel and/or Cohran's tests, or multivariable analysis.
crude analysis
The mortality rate for a lumbar laminectomy is between 0.8% and 1%.
It is a ratio scale of measurement.
The year is interval scale (no natural zero); your age is ratio.