It is the number of observations that might be expected for a particular category if the [null] hypothesis that is being tested is true.
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It enables us to tell the difference between observed and expected frequencies objectively as it is practically impossible to tell the difference just by looking at the data.
This is concerned with frequency. Can be used to test whether the observed frequencies in a particular case differ significantly from those which would be expected in the null hypothesis. source: analysis related lectures
The plural of frequency is frequencies. As in "radio waves travel on different frequencies".
Absolute frequencies are calculated by first identifying intervals based on your data and then identifying the number of values within your data set that lie within these interval. Relative frequencies divide the absolute frequencues by the number of values in the set. It is a good practice to provide the absolute frequencies, perhaps in a bar chart of relative frequencies as a number above each bar.
Not enough information - nature of step progression towards critical value has to be specified (sample size, linear vs. logarithmic vs. whatever, etc.).