A sample is a group of subjects such as selected from a population. A population deals with all different kinds of subjects that are being studied.
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You are studying the sample because you want to find out information about the whole population. If the sample you have drawn from the population does not represent the population, you will find out about the sample but will not find out about the population.
Data is neither sample nor population. Data are collected for attributes. These can be for a sample or a population.
That the key characteristics of the population are reflected in the sample.
From a sample of a population, the properties of the population can be inferred.
A sample of a population is a subset of the population. The average of the population is a statistical measure for some variable of the population.