If picked at random, the answer is 2/11.
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There are eight different letters in 'mathematics' - a, c, e, h, i, m, s and t. Since there are 26 letters in the alphabet, the chance of a randomly chosen one being a letter that's in mathematics is 8/26, or 4/13.
The answer depends on the set of cards from which the picking is done. Unfortunately, you have provided absolutely no information on that.
For a continuous variable it is 0.5 but for a discrete variable the answer depends on the probability of the variable taking the mean value. It is half of the rest of the probability. If the discrete variable X has mean m and Prob(X = m) is p then Prob(X > m) = (1 - p)/2.
It is 1/6.
Well, that's not much of a question. Perhaps you are asking: What is the frequency interpretation of probability? This is called the classical interpretation of probability. Given n independent and identical trials with m occurrences of of a particular outcome, then the probability of this outcome, is equal to the limit of m/n as n goes to infinity. If you are asking: How can probabilities be estimated given data, based on frequency approach? A table is constructed, with intervals, and the number of events in each interval is calculated. The number of events divided by the total number of data is the relative frequency and an estimate of probability for the particular interval.