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There are at least two situations.

Consider the situation where the population consists of a number of sub-populations (strata) such that units within a sub-population are similar to one another but there are much larger differences between units from different sub-populations. In order to ensure that the sample is representative, it may be sensible to use stratified random sampling. The sampling proportion may be a constant proportion or may even be such that the variance in each stratum is similar.

The situation may also arise if the population is widely scattered geographically. Rather than expend time and money travelling all over the place, you could employ cluster sampling. Select a number of clusters of the population and then, within each cluster, carry out a census.

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Q: When do you need non-probability sampling?
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