Sometimes, there are too much of the thing you are testing, so it is a lot easier to just take a sample.
For example, if there were twelve million weeds growing on a field and you wanted to see how many of them were dandelions, it would take forever to count all the dandelions on that field. It is more practical just to take a small sample.
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a summary measure that is computed to describe a characteristic of an entire population is called:
The population mean is the mean value of the entire population. Contrast this with sample mean, which is the mean value of a sample of the population.
In reality, a statistician never really has ALL the data. The data is instead taken from a sample of the whole population. If this sample is representative of the entire population, then any statistics based on the sample should be good estimates of the whole but probably not a perfect match. Of course the more data you get from the whole population the better the estimate, but it will always be an estimate unless you census the enitire population.
Statistics: Survey of an entire population, as opposed to a sample survey.