A mathematician. Or in friendly, informal terms: a math whiz.
numerologist
You can call someone who is wise and has good sense as a sage or a wise person.
An account-ant
Not always, no.
Someone who is good with directions is often called "having a good sense of direction."
A good person.
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The question "Why does thou call me good?" is asking why someone is being referred to as good. It is questioning the reason or basis for being called good.
A good person.
decent person
A non stereotypical american
No, not unless they have a good reason.