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Oh, dude, it's like asking the difference between a hot dog and a hamburger. So, like, the main difference is just a phase shift of 90 degrees. Sine starts at zero, cos starts at one, but they're basically like two sides of the same math coin.
The negative sine graph and the positive sine graph have opposite signs: when one is negative, the other is positive - by exactly the same amount. The sine function is said to be an odd function. The two graphs for cosine are the same. The cosine function is said to be even.
Sinusoid shape of the sine and cosine functions appear as oscillations. If an object is moving in a straight line and its position (function of time) can be described as sinusoid then it is referred to as a simple harmonic motion.
In a circle that has a radius of one you use Pythagorean theorem to derive the sine, cosine and tangent formulas. Draw a circle around the origin on graph paper. The sine is the line segment from the point where the side of the angle intersects down to the x-axis. etc.
There are an infinite number. The simplest is a sinusoid. The sine function has period 2π, so you compress it by a factor of π: f(x) = sin (πx).