This is true when the object lands at the same height as it was thrown, but not necessarity if the two are different. You can think of the motion in two parts; it moves upward and it moves sideways. If you throw it at a high angle, it won't have much of the sideways motion and won't travel far. If you throw it at a low angle, you won't have much upward motion and it will hit the ground before travelling too far. Try playing with the following simulator.
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It depends on your latitude. At the equator (0 degrees) a degree of longitude covers just over 111 km, so 8 degrees would be about 890 km. At 45 degrees of latitude, a degree of longitude covers just under 79 km, so 8 degress would be about 555 km. Check out the calculator in the related link. Enter the degrees of latitude and it gives the length of a degree at that point.
1.4142 will give the travel piece center to center
The acronym TRAVIS stands for Traffic Retrieval Analysis Validation, or Travel Industry School.
That depends on where you are relative to the tornado. Most tornadoes travel in an easterly direction, so if you are watichng a tornado and are south of it, it will move to your right, and if you are north of it, it will move to your left.