v = H0D
Where v is the velocity at which a galaxy moves away from us, and D is its distance. With H0 being the constant of proportionality (the Hubble constant) between the distance D to a galaxy and its velocity v.
Dark Energy is an unexplained theoritical mathematical quantity that is proposed to account for the apparent steady increase in the rate of expansion of the universe.
Yes. Dark energy is responsible for the expansion of the universe.
The current state of affairs with regard to the expansion of the universe point to dark energy as the cause of the expansion of the universe. It is not a force though.
Relativity theory establishes a speed limit for objects travelling through space - but the expansion of the universe is the expansion of space. There is no speed limit for that expansion.
cosmology
The alterations to the electromagnetic spectrum caused by the expansion of the universe.
An accelerating universe is a theory which describes and seeks to explain the increasing rate of the expansion of the universe.
An accelerating universe is a theory which describes and seeks to explain the increasing rate of the expansion of the universe.
infinity
The General Theory of Relativity provides the general mathematical framework required to work out many of the details related to the expansion of the Universe - which really means that space itself is expanding!
Steady state universe. Like they used to think it was.
Einstein used math to describe the physics universe. When he was working with relationships (mathematical) between various equations he found they would condense into his famous equation.