No. Design and testing ratings are there for your protection. I would not use 24 volts on a rated 12.
No. Your power supply must be able to supply rated voltage (12 volts) and rated current (3 amps).
No, it has to do with the insulation rating of the individual cords. 12 volts can be used on a voltage rating of 120 volts. But 120 volts can not be used on a 12 volt rated cord. As a point of interest most power cords have an insulation rating of 300 volts.
12 volts
If the voltage is AC a transformer can be used.
Yes. If you have a device rated at 12 Volts and 150 milliamps, you can use any power supply that will deliver at least 150 milliamps at 12 Volts. The important item is to keep the 12 volts at 12 volts. Even if you had a power supply that delivered 2000 amps at 12 volts you would be OK as it will only draw the 150ma that it needs.
To use an adapter of this sort, its rated voltage must match the rated voltage of the appliance, and its rated current must exceed that of the appliance. So, in your example, the rated voltage is too high to be used with your appliance.
The fuse will fail at 50 amps regardless of which voltage you use.
12 volts
This is the voltage you get out of household receptacles in North America. It stands for 110 volts alternating current. Contrast this with a car battery which is rated as 12 vdc or 12 volts direct current.
The terminal strip's rating is 15 amps at 600 volts. It does not matter what the voltage is up to 600 volts, the maximum amperage allowed on the strip is 15 amps. It could be 15 amps at 12 volts or 15 amps at 600 volts or any voltage in between.
YES!If you have a TV antenna amplifier rated at 12 Volts and 200 milliamps, you can use any power supply that will deliver at least 200 milliamps at 12 Volts. The important item is to keep the 12 volts at 12 volts. note: 200 milliamps is 0.2 amps. Even if you had a power supply that delivered 2000 amps at 12 volts you would be OK as it will only draw the 200ma that it needs.
12 volts DC current except the current to the spark plugs which can be 12,000 volts up to as much as 45,000 volts.