You certainly can't take a thermometer there - any thermometer will vaporize rather quickly at the high temperatures of the Sun. The temperature of the Sun's surface (the visible part) can be calculated on the basis of the light emitted by the Sun - especially by analyzing the Sun's spectrum. At a different temperature, it would emit a different mix of wavelengths. The temperature in the Sun's core has to be calculated theoretically, on the basis of our knowledge of physics. The Sun's diameter, its mass, the age of the Solar System (estimated by the age of the Earth) and the Sun's composition (what percentage of the different elements it has) all enter this calculation. The composition of the Sun's interior must also be estimated, based on what is visible on the outside. Computer simulations are used in such calculations; the main cause of possible error is our understanding of physics - note that the conditions in the interior of the Sun are very extreme - the temperature is estimated to be several million degrees, and the pressure is very extreme as well.
Use a spectrometer to measure the wavelength of the light. There is a direct, but inverse correlation of the wavelength to the temperature.
The surface of the sun radiates energy in nearly the same manner as a black body. That is to say, the fraction of light that is emitted at each wavelength is a function of the temperature alone. As a result, we can measure the spectrum of the Sun, and then fit it with a blackbody spectrum to derive the temperature.
Celsius is a measure of temperature, not distance.
A thermometer placed in sunlight will measure the temperature of the air surrounding it, not the temperature of the sun itself. The sun's rays can heat up the air, which in turn affects the temperature measured by the thermometer.
Yes, a radiation pyrometer is able to measure the temperature of the sun. Radiation pyrometers work by measuring the infrared radiation emitted by an object, and the sun emits enough infrared radiation that it can be accurately measured using a pyrometer.
The answer depends on why you want to measure the temperature and what the object is. I cannot see any way of measuring the temperature of the surface of the sun in the shade!
No. The thermometer measures the temperature of mass or material. Concerning the moon, a thermometer could measure the temperature of dust or rock on the surface. If it were not in contact with the surface, and the sun shone on it, the thermometer would read the temperature to which the sun heated it. If it were shielded from the sun, then the thermometer would read the temperature of space ... about 3 K, or darn near absolute zero.
Solar Flares, Solar Winds, the water level attracts heat. Satalite temperazation.
optical pyrometerA special type of technique is used to measure very high temperatures such as the Sun. A Bolometer is the instrument used to measure the Suns temperature. The Bolometer measures in colors, and the Sun emits temperatures in colors. This technique is based on a law called Wien's Law.
We don't need to estimate it, we can measure it (at least the surface temperature) using the cavity radiation equation and experimental observation of the solar spectrum.
Temperature xD
measure temperature? A thermometer.