What is meant by an anholonomic space and an idempotent vector?

Answer 1

An anholonomic space, more commonly referred to as a nonholonomic space, is simply a path-dependent space.

For example, if I went to the kitchen to get a snack, I know that, regardless of what path I take to get back to my room, I will get back to my room. I could have gone outside, on the roof, to a liquor store, or wherever, but the ultimate result from adding up all those paths is that I'll be back in my room. That is because I'm in a holonomic space, or a path-independentspace. Now, if after traveling to all those locations I came back to what I thought should be my room, but instead found myself at, say, the beach, I would be in an anholonomic space, where my destination changes depending on my path taken, ie. my destination is path-dependent.

An idempotent vector doesn't really have any meaning since the concept of idempotence applies to operations. The term idempotence basically just means something that can be applied to something else over and over again without changing it, like adding zero to a real number or multiplying that number by one. That's why a vector, in and of itself, can't be idempotent. However, multiplyinga unit basis vector, ie. one that wouldn't change the magnitude or direction of another vector, to another vector would be an idemtopic operation in a vector space.