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The gradient, at any point P:(x, y, z), of a scalar point function Φ(x, y, z) is a vector that is normal to that level surface of Φ(x, y, z) that passes through point P. The magnitude of the gradient is equal to the rate of change of Φ (with respect to distance) in the direction of the normal to the level surface at point P.
Grad Φ, evaluated at a point P:(x0, y0, z0), is normal to the level surface Φ(x, y, z) = c passing through point P. The constant c is given by c = Φ(x0, y0, z0).
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