Using the polar version of complex numbers, is a convenient way to express a signal which is shifted in phase from another signal. In alternating current analysis or signal processing analysis, for example.
Rather than having to multiply something like V*cos(wt + Φ) with I*cos(wt + Θ) you can represent as [V*e^(i*Φ)] and I*e^(i*Θ)], if the frequencies are the same (the w is the angular frequency)
Complex numbers are used in circuit analysis primarily because they simplify the calculations involving alternating current (AC) circuits. By representing voltage and current as phasors, complex numbers allow engineers to handle sinusoidal waveforms using algebraic methods instead of differential equations. This approach makes it easier to analyze circuit behavior, particularly with regard to impedance, phase relationships, and power calculations. Additionally, the use of complex notation reduces the computational complexity in solving circuit equations.
instead of using mesh loop analysis, because most calculators don't operate in variable and complex mode at the same time, you have to use substitution.
Use of complex numbers for circuit values (e.g. voltages, currents, reactances) is required to get correct answers for AC. The equations are the same as for DC circuits, but the numbers are complex not real. Also reactances vary with the frequency of the AC signals in the circuit.
Imaginary numbers are a mathematical concept, first defined to handle the square root of negative numbers. At first, many mathematicians did not think very kindly of them, until Euler's formula in the 1700's, then later applications in electricity and wave analysis were recognized.Complex numbers are numbers on a plane, for which special which special operations are defined. Complex numbers have a real part, and an imaginary part.There are several practical applications; for example, electrical engineers use complex numbers for circuit calculations with AC. There are other applications, too; for example, in art (creating interesting patterns, called fractals - based on calculations with complex numbers). Quantum mechanics routinely uses complex numbers.The Wikipedia article on complex numbers gives a good overview.The Picomonster website has some cool animations which show complex and imaginary numbers 'in action', so to speak.
Analysis is a broader term for Calculus and the theorems behind it. It is studied both with real and complex numbers as real and complex analysis. Usually calculus just deals with the basic problems of differential calculus and integral calculus.
Simple addition, but it must be done with complex numbers.
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Physics (e.g., quantum mechanics, relativity, other subfields) makes use of imaginary numbers. "Complex analysis" (i.e., calculus that includes imaginary numbers) can also be used to evaluate difficult integrals and to perform other mathematical tricks. Engineering, especially Electrical Engineering makes use of complex and imaginary numbers to simplify analysis of some circuits and waveforms.
Complex math covers how to do operations on complex numbers. Complex numbers include real numbers, imaginary numbers, and the combination of real+imaginary numbers.
Complex numbers are a proper superset of real numbers. That is to say, real numbers are a proper subset of complex numbers.
No. Complex numbers is the highest set of numbers you can go, and there are no sets outside of complex numbers.
The real numbers together with the imaginary numbers form a sort of vector. What these complex numbers (complex means the combination of real and imaginary numbers) represent depends on the specific situation. Just as there are situations where it doesn't make sense to use negative numbers, or fractional numbers, in many common situations it doesn't make sense to use complex numbers. In an electrical circuit (specifically, AC), the real numbers might represent resistance, while the imaginary number represent reactance - and voltages and currents are also represented by complex numbers, with the angle of the complex number representing how much one quantity is ahead or behind another quantity (the "phase angle"). In quantum mechanics, the complex numbers might not represent anything (perhaps they don't, I am not sure...), but they are useful for calculations.