It represents a fixed quantity.
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B is just a constant variable. In the standard form for the equation of a line y= ax +b. When x = 0, this is where we cross the y axis and the equation evaluates to b.
You cannot represent a proportional relationship using an equation.
That depends on what the equation is.
Not necessarily. The equation of a projectile, moving under constant acceleration (due to gravity) is a parabola - a non-linear equation.
Letters and symbols are used in equations to represent quantities, sometimes known or unknown. For example the symbol π (pi) represents the constant 3.14… and is unchanging. X or Y in an equation represent unknown terms that may vary depending on the equation, and other variables in the equation. There are numerous examples of both symbols and letters used in mathematical equations, but almost always they are either referring to a known constant term that is more simply expressed as a symbol, or an unknown or general term yet to be concretely determined.