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The Pythagorean theorem defines Euclidean distance between two points in space.

If the coordinates of A are (xa, ya, za) and those of B are (xb, yb, zb) then, using the Pythagoras theorem in 3-dimensions,

|AB| = sqrt[(xa - xb)2 + (ya - yb)2 + (za - zb)2]

However, Euclidean distance is not the only distance metric. A simple example of a non-Euclidean metric is the metric variously known as the Taxicab, Manhattan or Minkowski metric. This is based on a grid of mutually perpendicular lines and the distance between two points A = (p, q) and B = (r, s) is (r-p) + (s-q). To go from A to B on the grid of streets and avenues in [downtown] Manhattan, the cab has to go travel (r-p) units in one direction and (s-q) in an orthogonal direction.

There are many other possible metrics. So, the Pythagorean theorem is only one of many possible formulae for distance.

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Q: What is the difference between distance formula and pythagorean theorem?
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