The answer depends on the context. One possible answer is cluster analysis.
solve
Difference
The process of inserting zero-valued samples in between original samples is called "upsampling," In digital signal processing, this process can also be called "zero-stuffing."
is called an inequality
That is called "factoring".
The process of analyzing a design problem and finding a way to fix it is called trouble shooting. The process of evaluating the possible problems of a technology compared to the expected advantages is the risk benefit analysis.
Finding the line of best fit is called linear regression.
factoring or factorizing
Testing is the process of finding effort in software code.
It is called multiplication.
Multiplication
It is called multiplication.
ratio
quotient
The answer to a subtraction problem is called the difference. It is called this, because when you are subtracting you are finding the difference between one number and another.
EDITING
That is called the difference between them.