If one assumes that the universe was created from a single batch of energy or a single batch of mass, then an integration over the entire universe of both energy and mass would yield a constant. However integration over apart of the universe for a given time or space interval would yield a changing of both. For instance our sun is always losing energy, as Hydrogen is converted to helium in the Fusion process. This process result in a loss of mass for the sun. But it has plenty to go. Take another section of the universe and you would see a gain in mass as cosmic particles accumulate due to gravitational attraction. I recall presenting this idea of a constant energy/mass to my Physics professor long ago. He felt it was an oversimplification of the universe for which much is unknown. He admired my thinking process though, as so many problems in Physics are solved using conservation theories. Still, look at early models of the atom and how they explained processes without actual sight, as with the Bohr model. Many changes have been added since, but no one really knows. And what about dark matter. A fantastic field Physics is!
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Yes, the amount of mass can change over time due to various processes such as chemical reactions, nuclear reactions, or simply by gaining or losing material from the surrounding environment. This change in mass is governed by the conservation of mass principle, which states that mass cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed into different forms.
A percent change in mass is expressed more often than a variable change of mass in order to establish a coordinate for comparison. Your question about why it is better is a bit like asking why do we use specific traffic signs to indicate different driving functions. It is a matter of taste for efficiency purposes. Mass is related to acceleration and it would complicate our preferences to have to think about that all the time.
No, the time period of a loaded spring will not change when taken to the moon. The time period of a spring-mass system depends on the mass of the object attached to the spring and the spring constant, both of which remain constant regardless of the location.
NO. the rocket will not shrink,grow,compact,or spread out and stay same size.the stuff in it will stay the same,,,,,,,,,,but the weight will change because there is no gravity to pull down on it. (The mass of the rocket will change continuously from the time it leaves the launch pad until sometime after it has reached space. That's because of the fuel mass it loses, as the engines burn. But once the engines cut off, the vehicle's mass doesn't change.)
Solar flares. They can release a massive amount of energy in a short amount of time, and can cause disruptions to communication systems and power grids on Earth.
The moon supposedly "changes shape" all the time, as the moon is constantly orbiting the Earth however the moon doesn't actually change shape, it is the amount of the sunlit side of the Earth that we see changing.