Yes.
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A composite number is an integer (usually a positive integer) that can be expressed as the product of smaller integers (other than 1). In other words, a composite number is NOT a prime number, but it has smaller prime numbers as factors.
No. That isn't possible: A prime number, by definition, has no smaller factors. A square number does have a smaller factor - the number that is squared.
They are prime factors.
192, although there are smaller numbers with more.
A perfect number is a number with factors (excluding itself) that add up to the original number. An abundant number is where this sum is greater than the original number. A deficient number is where the sum is less than the original number. In the case of 24, the factors are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24. Summing the factors (apart from 24) gives us 1+2+3+4+6+8+12 which equals 36. This is greater than 24, the original number, and so 24 is an abundant number.